Hawksbill myth 

    Hawksbill, vertebrates, crawling class, the turtle. Generally is about 0.6 meters long, up to 1.6 m. Head have two pairs of forehead scales, the upper hook. Imbricate arrangement, the cutin on the reverse of the plate surface is smooth, brown or light yellow and white decorative pattern. Limbs fin's foot. Tail short, usually do not appear outside. Sexual violence that feed on fish, mollusks and algae. Originated in the yellow sea, the south China sea, the east China sea and tropical and subtropical coast. Edible eggs; Horny plate can be glass frame or decorations; The nail plate can be used as a medicine. For animals under state protection (category ii).
 
    Life habits
 
    Marine life, feed on fish, mollusks and algae. To September each year in tropical and subtropical sea of digging pit lay on the beach. Egg white, rounded, leathery soft shell, incubation period is about 3 months.
 
    Main ingredients
 
    Containing keratin and colloid, etc.
 
    Shape features
 
    The back and abdomen were hard scales. The head with a former zygomatic scales 2 pairs
 
    Known its biggest turtle nearly 1 m long, 27 kg usually see shell just 60 cm long, 9-14 kg. Back a total of 13 pieces, imbricate arrangement, so its name changyou hawksbill "thirteen scales". Adult shells for bright tan, smooth, glossy. Short tail, and legs 2 claws. Head, tail and limbs can shrink into the shell. Tergum scales and head for the red and brown and black. For a film on the back of the neck and limbs, the front a few is white.
 
    The back and abdomen were hard scales. The head with a former zygomatic scales 2 pairs. The nostril to kiss. Must be on the hook, a mouth like the parrot, jaw margin serrate. Early on the back of the scales, imbricate structure arrangement, along with the age growth and become a horizontal alignment, surface gloss, brown and yellow and white and decorative pattern. The central scales 5 pieces for ridge, on both sides of the rib scales 4 to; Margin of scales 25, a jagged rim. The front is composed of 13 pieces of scales, was yellow black. Limbs were flat in leaf. Forelimb is bigger, have 2 nails, hind legs have two claws. Tail short, usually do not appear outside.
 
    Distribution range
 
    Distributed in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific and Atlantic tropical and subtropical waters. China produced in xisha islands, the island of hainan, guangdong, Taiwan, fujian, zhejiang, jiangsu, shandong coastal areas.
 
    Protection level
 
    Level of China's wildlife under special state protection list: class II China species red list: critically endangered (CR) CITES level: annex I [convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES) appendix] level of IUCN: critically endangered (2003) [the world conservation union (IUCN) endangered species level]
 
    Breeding habits
 
    Spawning period 3-4 months, spawning, climbed up the beach during the day, grilled pit spawn, potholes about 20 cm in diameter, about 30 cm deep, spawning female tortoise shell for 60-80 cm long. A spawning period spawn points three times, each time spawning. 130-200. Ovoid, shell soft and elastic. The eggs hatch diameter is about 3.5 mm long, takes about 2 months. Hatched at the beginning of the carapaces of young not hard, but the existing imbricate arrangement, tortoise shell about 43-48 mm long. Before and after their necks can freely adjustable, but it can't turn right or left. Sex, is a predatory turtle, prey fish, shrimp, crab shell, etc., and also feed on algae. Hawksbill strong jaw can crush crab shells, even bivalve mollusk shells. The larvae feed on algae.
 
    Feeding characteristics
 
    Tortoise shell like shallow coral reefs, continental shelf, or full of brown algae as the feed. Although the tortoise shell are omnivorous animals, their main food is still the sponge. Sponge occupies the Caribbean hawksbill 70-95% of the total population of dietary. But, like other animals feed on the sponge, hawksbill foraging for specific species of sponge, besides other sponge will not become their food. Caribbean hawksbill mainly foraging sponge classes (Demospongiae), especially the star bone yard (Astrophorida), spiral sponge sponge (Spirophorida, Chinese from Japanese, have 3 subjects such as litchi sponge) and toughening sponge (Hadromerida) sponge; Hawksbill edible species known to have sponge Geodia gibberosa (a hole surface there are a lot of rich sponge). In addition to the sponge, hawksbill foods include seaweed and jellyfish and cnidarians such as sea anemones. Tortoise shell would prey on extremely dangerous hydrozoa animal man-of-war (Physalia physalis). zebina
 
    Hawksbill specimen decided when they feed on the cnidaria closed his eyes, no protection structure and poisonous animals such as man-of-war cnidoblast and not through the tortoise shell with scales of the head, it won't threatened hawksbill. Hawksbill occasionally feed on shrimp, crab and shellfish, their jaws is powerful, and can even bite crab shell is a very hard thick shell, such as bivalve mollusks. Tortoise shell crack in the mouth for its prey on coral shrimp and squid provides convenient, like eagle's beak clasps curved mouth can easily put them out.
 
    Tortoise shell for its prey has a strong adaptability and resistance, and foraging some sponge, such as Aaptos Aaptos (dark red meat ball), chicken liver sponge (Chondrilla nucula), Tethya actinia (green or brown green ball, with occasional orange individuals), Spheciospongia vesparium (wine jars) and hermit crab sponge (Suberites domuncula) for other organisms is a highly toxic and is often fatal. In addition, the tortoise shell also will choose those who are rich in siliceous sponge spicule for food, such as Ancorina, bowl sponge (Geodia), Ecionemia and Placospongia.
 
    To protect the status quo
 
    Huidong port nature reserves in guangdong province in China is given priority to with protection, the green sea turtle hawksbill turtle. Infer that mature individual number of population of less than 50.
 
    Tortoise shell in the past most people agreed that the hawksbill turtle species such as there is no threat of extinction, because their life is very long, slow growth, reproductive cycle long, the late mature, reproduction rate is high, and the tortoise populations age level, in the short term of populations is not easy to be found. But in fact, hawksbill reproduction rate high, but like most turtles, young turtle survival rate is quite low. Many adult turtles killed by intentional or unintentional, turtles nest also occupied by humans and animals. Small mammals will hit their nests, dig up the eggs and eat it. In the U.S. virgin islands, including the tortoise shell, such as the leatherback turtle nests in the egg and just after birth, will be mongoose attacks, but genet (Genetta), sand crab (Ocypode), jackals, and even livestock will attack their nests.
 
    Tobago near the hawksbill history, tortoise shell in 1982 by the IUCN listed as endangered species. After this state in 1986, 1988, 1988 and 1994 were keep in the assessment of a few times, but since 1996, the IUCN red list of endangered species will be upgraded to critically endangered tortoise shell protection status. Anyone object when the tortoise was rated as endangered species, two petitions reports claimed that tortoise shell and other three species have multiple important stable populations throughout the world, but the IUCN according to a sea turtle expert group (MTSG) rejected the petition submitted data analysis. Turtle expert group provides data shows that tortoise populations in the past three generations reduction for more than 80%, compared with mature female turtle nesting site fell by 84-87%, and populations was no significant increase in 1996. And care of these data in the measurement to drift foraging juvenile turtles in the ocean, so the data is greatly underestimated the reduction of population. Thus, according to these data, the IUCN tortoise shell as the CR A1, but not CR A2, because the IUCN think and do not have enough data show that tortoise populations will be further reduced by 80% or more in the future.
 
    Reunion island tortoise shell, serrated edge at the back of the shield body very obvious tortoise and the turtle family sweet fume furnace species were listed in the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) in annex I, tortoise shell products import and export, killing, hunting or harass hawksbill is illegal behavior. Tortoise shell has also been included in the maintenance and the convention on migratory species of wild animals (CMS) in appendix I.
 
    In the past few years, efforts by governments to protect the tortoise shell is also more and more, such as a temporary or permanent legal laws and regulations and establish a sea turtle nature reserve. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) from 1970 to hawksbill listed as endangered species, and the U.S. government to protect the local populations of tortoise shell, has been in the proper place for recovery plan many times. Tortoise shell in China were included in the list of national key protected wild animals, in huizhou, guangdong province has been built to protect hawksbill, green turtles, turtles and other species of huidong port sea turtle nature reserve, and on November 8, 1988 by the seventh session of the standing committee of the National People's Congress for the fourth time meeting by March 1, 1989 implementation of the wild animals of the People's Republic of China protects a law "protection.
 
    But, although the hawksbill illegal hunting, there are still a lot of people around the world fishing tortoise shell. In some areas, tortoise shell as delicious food consumed. For example, as early as the 5th century BC, hawksbill turtle is Chinese as delicacies. Since 1994, Japan to stop imports from foreign tortoiseshell, before that, Japan's trade of unprocessed tortoiseshell per year, about 000 kilograms. Hawksbill trade large quantities of raw materials are from the Caribbean. In 2006, there have been a lot of processed tortoise shell was found from the region of the Dominican republic and Colombia and other countries export on a regular basis. In 2001 and 2005, Cuba has a second bill in the CITES meeting, would like to export inventory tortoiseshell and minority hawksbill, but when the vote fails because of the difference of the several tickets, eventually forced to recover the proposal. At present China's hainan province is still people regardless of the law in private production sales tortoise shell products, that is even more difficult for protect the tortoise shell.
 
    Process value
 
    Tortoise shell as raw materials taken from the scales of the back of ornaments, department of organic matter. Adult tortoise shells is bright brown. Such accessories easy to decay, the late qing dynasty has made of tortoise shell has been difficult to see.
 
    Han dynasty of the famous poem "the peacock flies southeast" in have "hawksbill shoe first step Nie silk, head light" verse.
 
    Decoration features
 
    Tortoise shell glittering and translucent get rid of phosphonium piece of decorative pattern, noble and elegant, is immortal, ten thousand, is the best of decorative collection. Tortoise shell has a highly toxic inedible, but for medicinal, its efficacy comparable horn of heat-clearing and detoxifying, is a rare traditional Chinese medicine, have clear heat, detoxification of antihypertensive effect. Tortoise shell as raw materials taken from the scales of the back of ornaments, department of organic matter. Adult tortoise shells is bright brown. Such accessories easy to decay, the late qing dynasty has made of tortoise shell has been difficult to see. Now tortoise is a rare and protected animals, hunting is prohibited.
 
    Hawksbill, since ancient times, is deep in noble, or the favor of merchants rich guest, be seen as a treasure handed down from ancient times, is the symbol of the day, the tortoise shell carapace of elegant adornment can be used to make, in the han dynasty's famous poem "the peacock flies southeast" have "hawksbill shoe first step Nie silk, head light" verse. Huidong port nature reserves in guangdong province in China is given priority to with protection, the green sea turtle hawksbill turtle. Such as the tang dynasty empress wu zetian was made of tortoise-shell combs, fan, instrument board, hair clips, and even the entire hawksbill specimens. Now the museum collection also showcase their used tortoise shell products. Hawksbill cutin, has the reputation of "sea king", since ancient times is considered a lucky and happy thing in the world, represents the noble, holy, is your ideal value of collection, is a symbol of you is worth one hundred times.
 
    Their material composition is similar to animal cutin, but has no minerals, and much more than the cutin hard, less fiber, brittle slightly, with oil - waxy luster, translucent - micro transparent yellow background decorated richly brown spots. Hardness is 2.5, relative density 2.5, the refractive index of 1.55, as the amorphous, can turn soft adhesive in boiling water temperature. High temperature will make it darker, can erode by nitric acid, but does not react with hydrochloric acid. Microscopic structure of striped and composed of many dots brown spots. The more points the more dense, the color depth, it is the important identification features. Under the ultraviolet, more transparent and more yellow consists of 13 piece of a branch to arrange, and according to its location and has a different name. Adult turtles each into 20 cm * 30 cm, weight 250 grams.
 
    Maintenance is introduced
 
    Light ZhaoSheFa: the tortoise shell under strong light or torch light projection, real visible appear a beautiful pattern
 
    1, the hard to avoid collision so as to avoid scratching by fracture.
 
    2, avoid contact with acid and alkaline liquid.
 
    3, avoid soaking with hot water or will soften deformation (which is a key method to identify true and false haibao scales jewelry).
 
    4, after use with a soft cloth to wipe, please safekeeping.
 
    Authenticity identification
 
    1. Light ZhaoSheFa: the tortoise shell under strong light or torch light projection, real visible appear a beautiful decorative pattern, the blood of the transparent filamentous deep inside the nail plate, its spots In numerous round dot, such as corn millet dots gathered together, form a boundary mixed irregular shape. Imitations of blood on the surface of the slice, stripes or mechanical a crumb.
 
    2. Polishing method: tortoise shell piece after polishing the present a unique charm and luster. Imitation is do not have this feature.
 
    3. The burning method: at the end of the scraping ignite or to touch hot needle, the real fire burning hair. Imitation is peculiar smell, bakelite hair stone acid smell; Celluloid is camphor smell; Security celluloid and casein plastics in vinegar.
 
    4. A parcel.meet method: tortoise shell density of 1.29 g/cm3. Plastic imitation 1.05 1.10 g/cm3, feel is easy to separate.
 
    5. Slice observation: the tortoise shell after soaking in warm water softening, slice with a magnifying glass or microscope, visible reddish-brown spherical particles, pigment spots and rounded small point, with clear markings structure. Plastic strips, visible boundaries visible ribbon.
 
    6. The difference between natural tortoise shell and suppress hawksbill: imitation tortoise shell after heated color is darker, and free of bubbles, elongated shape. Natural tortoise shell, on the other hand.
 
    7. Flatten the tortoise shell is to look very thick, but viewed from the side, is visible between the different pieces of color difference; With a magnifying glass, with marks of viscose and bubble remaining.
 
    8. Tortoise shell and the difference between the horn, horn is generally not tortoise-shell pattern, (that is, a mixed in with the red and black transparent yellow spots), hawksbill spot gloss good, appear a beautiful decorative pattern.
 
    9. Big tortoise-shell pulled from the water instantly, water to scatter around, so the tortoise shell to avoid scratching, wind evil.
 
    10. Hot water heating method: tortoise shell after boiling water, shape can be arbitrary bent and broken, and generic hawksbill after boiling water, bending break easily.
 
    Medicinal value
 
    This product is a nearly circular, triangular or polygonal plates, 10 ~ 20 cm long, 1.5 ~ 3 mm thick. Edge is thinner, the central is a bit thick. On the surface of a dark brown half white body. And there are dark brown and the decorative pattern of part, smooth and glossy. Inside densely white stripes or spots and crisscrossed grooves. Quality, and the toughness, not easy broken, cutin of area. No anger. In the slice thickness, pattern clear, translucent is preferred.
 
    Bouquet: (a), cold, non-toxic.
 
    Sexual flavour: cold, liver, heart, god faint spasm, jue, toxic heat can clearly.
 
    Usage: two to four money money.
 
    Cold, hawksbill gan, sex. A town mind, flat liver extinguish wind effect, can be used to warm disease of the strong heat god faint, saying nonsense, and infantile convulsion, god faint antispasmodic jue tic disorder, etc. In addition, this product is also used to heat poison carbuncle swollen and smallpox invagination, have heat-clearing and detoxifying effect.
 
    attending
 
    1, the blain detoxification. With raw tortoise shell, horn the grinding juice a close, and well, take half warm clothing.
 
    Hawksbill medicine three times a day. In serving the smallpox epidemic disease not hair inside, alleviate disease has hair.
 
    2, smallpox, black heart (is caused by a blood clot). With raw tortoise shell, horn, grinding juice with a human, with five pigs a little effort, radix arnebiae seu lithospermi soup spoon, and uniform temperature.
 
    3, Qin wind eye tears (heart kidney empty is caused by heat) with raw green tortoise shell, each one or two antelope horn, spirifer son a pair, a total of research for the end of each take one money, send the mint soup. Taken once a day.
 
    source
 
    Hawksbill turtle families animals Eretmochelys imbricata l. back of the nail. All can capture all the year round. The hawksbill abuse, splashed with boiling vinegar, namely can one by one piece of the nail off and remove the residual meat, wash for a quick.
 
    Usage and dosage: 1 ~ 3. More into the pill, powder.
 
    Choose the
 
    (1) in the winds and the evil, not people, noodles, cold limbs inverse: raw tortoise shell two (dao luo) at the end of the five, five two benzoin (cooked in wine, like paste, with silk filter chamber), cinnabar two (fine grind, flying over water), realgar half (develop), amber one or two (develop), musk, one or two (develop), borneol (develop) a money. On medicine research to divide evenly, with benzoin paste and pellets, as head of a dog than the tail of a lion. Use the lad urine triad, natural ginger juice and half close, consistent warm, regardless of the time, under the research three pills. (the holy benevolence formulae hawksbill pill)
 
    (2) to treat stroke remained silent, spirit in the stuffy and evil not language: 瑇 decided (p), cinnabar (r), realgar (research), white mustard evenly, musk (r). On five tastes, dao luo for the late, again with research well, don't to silver stone wine Fried benzoin one two creams, and pill like green beans. Take ten each pill, the lad urine, informal clothing. (" st. Xavier always record the hawksbill pill)
 
    (3) to treat smallpox black sunk, but heart blood clot also: raw tortoise shell, horn with grinding juice. Into the pig a little effort, radix arnebiae seu lithospermi five spoonful of soup, and uniform temperature. (the theory of pox)
 
    (4) pox detoxification, encounter took the row, not in the hair, have hair sparse: raw tortoise shell, horn opens and closes each grinding juice. And uniform; Wen take half, day three suits. (" spirit YuanFang ")
 
    (5) to treat the wind tears, heart kidney empty is hot also: raw Zhou decided, antelope horn, one or two each, spirifer son a pair. For the late. Each take one money, mint soup, a suit. (feihong set)
 
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