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Barefoot doctors to promote the popularization of western medicine in the rural areas?

2016年05月02日

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Barefoot doctors to promote the popularization of western medicine in the rural areas?

 


"Barefoot doctor is good"


On June 26, 1965, the health authorities of the country's principal when reporting the work to the MAO zedong said: China has more than 140 health technicians, advanced medical workers in cities, 80% 70% in big cities, 20% in the county, only 10% in the countryside. MAO zedong is very fed up about it, severely criticized the work of the ministry of health and stress will focus on rural health work.


In the summer of 1968, Shanghai Wenhui Daily published an article in the medical education from the growth of "barefoot doctors" revolution "in the direction of the article. Phase 3 "red flag" magazine and in the same year, the People's Daily published on September 14th to republish, namely in this article, the first time the rural medical and agricultural busboy formally known as the "barefoot doctor", MAO zedong on the day of the People's Daily instructions "barefoot doctor is good". From then on, "barefoot doctors" as farmers and rural medical doctor's specific appellation.


Filed a barefoot doctor, people will see a touchy yuexiang and wearing a hat, face dark, barefoot walk on the ridge of the image. Of official propaganda and the research generally believe that barefoot doctors mainly of traditional Chinese medicine, herbs for treatment. Xiao-ping fang at the national university of Singapore, however, Dr Barefoot in tempe, and Western Medicine in China (" Barefoot Doctors and Medicine east gradually ") book is pointed out that Barefoot Doctors "a needle a grass to cure all ills" image is mainly the product of official propaganda, in fact, Barefoot Doctors in the vast majority of use is in the process of practicing Medicine, Western Medicine their medical practice promoted the popularization of Western Medicine in the Chinese countryside and objectively shake the belief of common people of TCM.

 
“赤脚医生就是好”
 


Popularization of western medicine, and rejection of traditional Chinese medicine

Past for barefoot doctor this group research, focuses on their health care system in the 1960 s and 1970 s, the role and the relationship between them and the system, whereas xiao-ping fang to investigate barefoot doctors how to promote the popularization of western medicine in rural China, the author selected the seven counties of zhejiang province as the study case, through the local Chronicles, archives, and oral materials, outlined the area from 1968 to 1983 the barefoot doctors practicing medicine.


Reviewed the history of China's rural health care, at the beginning of the book, especially before the founding of new China's rural medical conditions and rural medical care system before the "cultural revolution". The author then introduces the barefoot doctors choose standard (mainly by the production team of cadres, select from the political thought good children of poor farmers) and training methods (mainly professor vaccine of inject, hemostatic, artificial respiration, and how to use painkillers, aspirin, Huang Liansu, sulfa drugs and other drugs) how to change the rural medical staff from the source of knowledge structure and way of practice. In the third and the fourth chapter of the book, the author of the barefoot doctors and patients, interviewed and combined with the documents pointed out: although barefoot doctors in the process of practicing medicine will be combined with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine treatment (for example in the western medicine for some patients will also acupuncture or match with Chinese herbal medicine), however, with the western medicine prices fell and the improvement of the supply chain, picking the difficulty of Chinese herbal medicine, after taking western medicine quick effect, barefoot doctors increasingly prefer to use western medicine to cure patients. Many farmers after experience the western medicine, began to reject the doctor of traditional Chinese medicine. The author quoted zhejiang fuyang frequently work brigade archives records, in the promotion of use of Chinese herbal medicine, a member said: "the herbal medicine can cure disease, there is no such thing as a dead man." Others said: "pig how can heal people?" Clinics and membership is simply from the team cooperation to Chinese herbal medicine packages to throw on the side of the road, members, said: "the hospital not at ease, not give or take an injection not rest assured, don't eat western medicine is not at ease."


In the last two chapters of the book, xiao-ping fang is the barefoot doctor's identity, status in rural areas, the relationship between the patient and the problem was investigated, such as he found: barefoot doctor in the countryside by the universal respect, have high authority than the leading cadre in the village, but owing to the superior social position, and higher than the ordinary farmers' income, the selection of barefoot doctors become an important power, the cadre of communes in choosing a barefoot doctor place for friends and relatives, taking the phenomenon is quite common.


Question: seven county, zhejiang province universal health situation?

普及西医、排斥中医
 

 

In the existing "barefoot doctors" handbook of commonly cited, barefoot doctors should master the acupuncture and moxibustion, massage, etc. Craft. Although the author xiao-ping fang in the book describes the barefoot doctors and farmers for the preference of western medicine, but did not say in the countryside, acupuncture, massage and other traditional Chinese medicine treatment is replaced or marginalized. Therefore, only from the perspective of drug using a single show barefoot doctors to promote the popularization of western medicine in the Chinese countryside and make TCM marginalized, is biased. Related to this one criticism is that barefoot doctors in western medicine for patients with antibiotics at the same time, often also can match with the traditional Chinese medicine recuperation method, that is, in the process of the barefoot doctors treatment, treatment is combination of Chinese and western medicine, does not necessarily exist "west wind over the east wind".


Last and most important point is that the sample of the limitations of xiao-ping fang on the outskirts of hangzhou city, zhejiang province around seven county, local barefoot doctors practicing medicine, is used in other parts of China? In the northwest, southwest and other places, transportation and information dissemination of inconvenience is likely to make local barefoot doctors are hard to come by western medicine and western medicine knowledge, so, barefoot doctors how to practice medicine in these places? For these problems, xiao-ping fang are not covered in the book.


Malaria sports how to build a new China the political identity of citizens?

 

历史外刊扫描新中国的医疗:赤脚医生不看中医看西医?

   

 

“卫生”与“爱国”
 

 

"Health" and "patriotic"

World malaria day is April 25, according to the who report, about 40% of the world's population by the threat of malaria, 300 million to 500 million people infected with malaria each year, more than 100, ten thousand people die from malaria. Malaria in view of the damage to human health, the world health organization (who) since the 1950 s he invested a lot of resources for malaria prevention and treatment.


After the founding of new China, in the presence of infectious disease epidemic, has launched a patriotic health campaign, one of the focus is on malaria prevention and treatment. After decades of efforts, in 1998, only 31000 cases of malaria in 1.3 billion Chinese report, the incidence of malaria was dropped to one over forty thousand, than in 1954 dropped by ninety-nine percent. BuLiPing professor at the university of America Alma in Anti - malaria campaigns and the socialist reconstruction of China, 1950-1980 (the anti-malaria movement with the Chinese socialist construction, 1950-1980), malaria for 30 years before the founding of new China made a comb. She thinks: the new China to the success of malaria prevention and control depends on the central government's guidance and propaganda, different parts of the government and government cooperation between different departments, a multi-level medical aid system, rural the popularity of the barefoot doctors and medicine and so on. More importantly, malaria motion, as part of the patriotic health campaign, not only improved the health of the Chinese common people and health status, further change their traditional ideas, cultivating their identity for socialist new China.


Transforming social traditions, transform the world

In 1952, the then premier zhou enlai in the 2nd national health work conference: to health work combined with mass movement. Government "transforming social traditions, the transformation world" as the slogan, called on the people by their patients, the passive to active in the fight against patients' ownership, and actively participate in the movement of malaria.

移风易俗、改造世界
 

 

However, to improve health, you must master the modern medical knowledge. But in China at that time, illiteracy rates as high as eighty percent above. Under this background, literacy movement began. The units in the city and the countryside began to mobilize the illiterate of the commune members participate in literacy classes. "Is the main idea of literacy class geared to the needs of the masses of workers, peasants and soldiers, and improve the scientific knowledge of workers, peasants and soldiers", teaching the students listening, speaking, reading and writing at the same time, also for their socialist education and publicity, and in the process of their political consciousness.


In addition to the literature, the governments at all levels also attaches great importance to the use of visual materials, forms such as posters, pamphlets, wall newspaper. In ethnic minority areas or in remote areas, the relevant literature was also allowed to local dialect or minority words to printing.


Even so, under the control of the influence of the traditional customs, superstition, many people still against the government's propaganda and health measures showed resistance. For example, the countryside in the north, with clean bedding in May lead to death, or her husband or son "may destroy the fly, autumn harvest". In north jiangsu rural areas, the local people very resist for blood tests or stool test, because it is believed that the former is to the parents, while the latter is the material for the fertile field. While some local farmers have been chlorination of water is also very bad feeling, thought the taste of water. However, as the incidence of diseases such as malaria, dysentery and cholera is greatly reduced, local residents gradually began to accept these new health measures.


In addition to the literacy classes and various image propaganda, through the government has also made up of embedded type formula and using the grilles, paper cutting and other traditional art forms to spread malaria health concept. BuLiPing at the end of the article, the author thinks, different to the world health organization launched the simple from the Angle of medical drug prevention and control of malaria action, the government of new China in the process of the fight against malaria, fully launched the masses, in one thousand to seek treatment passive people into active participation to improve health environment of the participants, and through the traditional or modern, or, or official of a variety of folk culture and art form to spread the knowledge of modern science, will ultimately malaria eradication in the vast sea of the people's war. At the same time of elimination, and restore the values of common people, and cultivate their sense of belonging and pride for the socialism and the new China.

 

历史外刊扫描新中国的医疗:赤脚医生不看中医看西医?