Traditional Chinese medicine (105) temperature around releasing cold black pepper

Dry the commonly used spices, black pepper is the European style dishes since ancient times, black pepper is due to its dual value in seasoning and medical and prized. The spiciness of black pepper comes from the contain of piperine. Often referred to as "pepper" black pepper, is one of the most widely used spices, all over the world can be found on the table all over the world, usually put them with the table salt.

The role of black pepper

Pepper (Piperaceae) climbing perennial vine, scientific name for the Piper nigrum, originating in India Malabar Coast (Malabar group. Its fruit spicy, is one of the first to use perfume, now is probably the most widely used spices. Medicine, also used as flooding wind medicine and to stimulate gastric secretion. Pepper in southeast Asia has a history of long and widely cultivated in the tropics, has been deemed a YouLiangPin for a long time. Is one of the important trade between India and the European goods, is the medium of exchange. In ancient Greece and Rome also sought pepper as a tribute. In the middle ages, the people of Venice and Genoa monopoly pepper trade, prompting people to find route to the far east.

Black pepper medicinal value

As with all Oriental spices, pepper has a history of long used as a spice and drugs. Tastes more thick long pepper is usually the preferred drug, but the long pepper and black pepper were used as medicines.

Black pepper in India is herbs, sita, and especially that of a drug, medicine. The Syrian Book of medicine of the fifth century (Syriac Book of Medicines) points out that pepper (may actually refers to the long pepper) can treat constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver disease, lung disease, dental abscess, sunburn, dental caries and toothache. In traditional Chinese medicine, black pepper can cure cold phlegm, dyspepsia, rou GUI cold pain, nausea, vomiting, water cold, diarrhea, dysentery, detoxification can also be used for food poisoning. After the 5th century many be also suggested to treat eye diseases with pepper, general is made of the pepper ointment directly coated on the eyes. In modern medicine, there is no evidence that those treatment is effective; The pepper directly coated on the eyes is very uncomfortable, but also can cause damage to the eyes.

Pepper is considered in a long period can let a person sneezing; Today is also think so. Some people think that piperine stimulates the nostrils, which make people sneeze; Others believe it is the function of pepper, some people think pepper is not very effective sneezing manufacturing agent. However, almost no one had control under the environment of experiments to solve this problem.

For because of the pepper can stimulate the intestinal or abdominal surgery patients with stomach ulcers diet cannot appear pepper: food tend to use more moderate alternative.

Black pepper contains a small amount of yellow camphor, this is a kind of carcinogenic substance.

Black pepper to eat it

About 500 ml of water in the pan (of course this is unvalued, you can according to their own needs to decide), then put the water to a boil, pour benefits, white pepper seasoning into the pot, and in one to two eggs, such as water to a boil, then put you need to cooking, this method has a good is reduced, and the evaporation of the pepper oil. This party is very simple, very suitable for today's society.

Introduction to the

Black pepper (scientific name: Piper nigrum), also known as black sichuan [1], is a kind of flowering vines, pepper of its fruit usually after drying can be used as spices and seasonings. The fruit of the same or white pepper, red pepper and green pepper production raw material. [2] black pepper is native to southern India, has been widely used in both local and other tropical plant. Black pepper fruit when ripe, presents the black and red, and contains a seed; After dried fruit will be 5 mm in diameter peppercorn drupe.

Dry the commonly used spices, black pepper is the European style dishes since ancient times, black pepper is due to its dual value in seasoning and medical and prized. The spiciness of black pepper comes from the contain of piperine. Often referred to as "pepper" black pepper, is one of the world's most widely used spices, table is visible to all over the world, usually put them with the table salt.

The name of the

Black pepper, in certain context can be referred to as "pepper". The "pepper" in the Chinese character "hu" and "pepper" word combinations. "Hu", meaning that the western and northern nomads, after extended expression from different cultural backgrounds. Such as: "carrot", "hu" bed. "Pepper" is refers to

Some seeds or fruit tastes excitant food.

Pepper fruit and seeds by different processing methods, can get black pepper, white pepper, green pepper and red pepper. The world export 80% to 85% of the total black pepper, pepper 15% - 20% for white pepper, about 1% of green pepper.

Black pepper is made of pepper vine immature berry. Berry would first temporarily in boiling water for a moment, and prepare to clean the surface dry. Heat will destroy the cell walls of the fruit at the same time, accelerate the drying process in the role of Browning enzymes. Then a few days time, berries are exposure to the sun or drying in the machine. In the process, with the role of fungi response, wrapped in seed peel will gradually darken and contraction, eventually become a thin wrinkled layer. At the end of the drying process, the product is black pepper.

White pepper is made from removing the seeds of the skin. The white pepper are usually made by fully ripe berries, berries and soaked in water about a week, pulp part will loose in this period of time and gradually decay. After through friction to remove pulp residue bare seeds drying. And the other is used to remove the machining method of the pulp, including removing epidermis made of black pepper immature berry.

In the United States, white pepper is often used as a light sauce or mashed potatoes and other food seasonings, because black pepper in light color food are easy to be recognized. Black pepper and white pepper who has more spicy sex that is controversial. Due to the outer epidermis of some components cannot be found in the seeds, the smell of two kinds of pepper is not the same.

As with black pepper, green pepper is made from immature berry. After drying of green pepper and to a certain extent on the cover

Keep the green, because it is through the processing of sulphur dioxide or freeze-dried process. After salt water or vinegar pickled pepper child will also be green. Fresh and unprocessed pepper berries are very rare in the west, they mainly appear in some Asian cuisine especially Thai food. The smell of fresh pepper berry spicy and fresh, with a full-bodied fragrance. Not dry or pickled pepper will rot quickly.

In the mature red pepper in the salt water and vinegar pickled berries can be made into a rare red pepper; Dry green pepper color preservation technology can also be used to dry more rare mature red pepper. The red pepper pepper varieties is different from the other more common "red pepper", the latter is a different division of Peru pepper wood (Schinus the molle) and their close relatives Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) fruit. In the past there was debate about whether red pepper corn as food security, but the dispute has been settled now. Black pepper on botany and is called "sichuan pepper" of Chinese prickly ash without any contact.

Peppercorn usually classify according to the producers or the delivery port. India Malabar coast produces two famous varieties: respectively is Malabar pepper and pepper DaiLiJie. In DaiLiJie pepper is a kind of advanced pepper, this pepper production raw material, is in the mountain Malabar DaiLiJie pepper wood produces the largest and most mature berries (accounts for about 10% of the total amount of berries). Sarawak pepper grown in Malaysian part of Borneo, lampung pepper produced in the Indonesian island of Sumatra, whereas montauk pepper produced in the Indonesian island of bangka.

role

Pepper (Piperaceae) climbing perennial vine, scientific name for the Piper nigrum, originating in India Malabar Coast (Malabar group. Its fruit spicy, is one of the first to use perfume, now is probably the most widely used spices. Medicine, also used as flooding wind medicine and to stimulate gastric secretion. Pepper in southeast Asia has a history of long and widely cultivated in the tropics, has been deemed a YouLiangPin for a long time. Is one of the important trade between India and the European goods, is the medium of exchange. In ancient Greece and Rome also sought pepper as a tribute. In the middle ages, the people of Venice and Genoa monopoly pepper trade, prompting people to find route to the far east.

origin

Pepper is widely cultivated in east Indies, and introduce Africa and tropical region in the western hemisphere. Plants woody stem, with the aid of adventitious roots can climb as high as 10 meters (33 feet). Leaves alternate, light green, wide, flowers small, light color, was born on slender spike, around 50 per inflorescence flowers; Nearly spherical berries like fruit, about 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter, yellow red when mature, with 1 seed, aroma, spicy taste. Pepper growth requires a long rainy season, the appropriate temperature, and some of the shade. Usually use sticks inserted cultivation, planted in a tree or pole to have to support. Also do STH in tea garden or small. Strong 2 ~ 5 years later, if the condition is good, can be harvested 40 years in a row.

Berries turn red when picking, immersed in boiling water in Rio for 10 minutes, 1 hour after become dull brown or black. Then lay on the table or the ground air basks in 3 ~ 4 days. After dried by grinding and black pepper. Then remove skin and white pepper. The preparation of white pepper in some areas is wet berries piled up 2 ~ 3 days; Or bagging sink into the water about 7 ~ 15 days, make the skin soft and rinse again, friction or trample to remove soft skin, spread out to dry, also can use mechanical grinding to the skin and preparation. White pepper and spicy, less black pepper.

Pepper 1 ~ 3% containing essential oils, essential oils make pepper aroma, spicy mainly produced by the oil resin, ingredients are: piperine (C17H19NO3), JiaWei alkali (C17H19NO3), piperidine and (CH2) 5 nh Hu Jiaoting (C19H21O3N), etc. There are many other genera of plants also known as pepper, such as soft Mao Xiao frankincense (Schinus the molle), also known as California pepper trees, tree shape snake grapes (Ampelopsis arborea), also known as pepper vine, thine alder cascade willow (Clethra alnifolia), also known as sweet pepper shrubs, etc., but only as ornamental plant cultivation and not for the use of spices thought food or medicine.

China's guangxi, guangdong, yunnan and other places have cultivated. Fall to the next spring when clusters of basal began to turn red, cut grain, dry or drying, remove the fruit, because of the dark brown, known as black pepper, fragrant and spicy taste.

Chemical content

Pepper 1 ~ 3% containing essential oils, essential oils make pepper aroma, spicy mainly produced by the oil resin, ingredients are: piperine (C17H19NO3), JiaWei alkali (C17H19NO3), piperidine and (CH2) 5 nh Hu Jiaoting (C19H21O3N), etc. There are many other genera of plants also known as pepper, such as soft Mao Xiao frankincense (Schinus the molle), also known as California pepper trees, tree shape snake grapes (Ampelopsis arborea), also known as pepper vine, thine alder cascade willow (Clethra alnifolia), also known as sweet pepper shrubs, etc., but only as ornamental plant cultivation and not for the use of spices thought food or medicine.

Production process

The processing technology

Black pepper is made of pepper vine immature berry. Berry would first temporarily in boiling water for a moment, and prepare to clean the surface dry. Heat will destroy the cell walls of the fruit at the same time, accelerate the drying process in the role of Browning enzymes. Then a few days time, berries are exposure to the sun or drying in the machine. In the process, with the role of fungi response, wrapped in seed peel will gradually darken and contraction, eventually become a thin wrinkled layer. At the end of the drying process, the product is black pepper.

White pepper is made from removing the seeds of the skin. The white pepper are usually made by fully ripe berries, berries and soaked in water about a week, pulp part will loose in this period of time and gradually decay. After through friction to remove pulp residue bare seeds drying. And the other is used to remove the machining method of the pulp, including removing epidermis made of black pepper immature berry.

In the United States, white pepper is often used as a light sauce or mashed potatoes and other food seasonings, because black pepper in light color food are easy to be recognized. Black pepper and white pepper who has more spicy sex that is controversial. Due to the outer epidermis of some components cannot be found in the seeds, the smell of two kinds of pepper is not the same.

The finished production

As with black pepper, green pepper is made from immature berry. After drying of green pepper to some extent still green, because it after processing in the process of sulfur dioxide or freeze-dried. After salt water or vinegar pickled pepper child will also be green. Fresh and unprocessed pepper berries are very rare in the west, they mainly appear in some Asian cuisine especially Thai food. The smell of fresh pepper berry spicy and fresh, with a full-bodied fragrance. Not dry or pickled pepper will rot quickly.

In the mature red pepper in the salt water and vinegar pickled berries can be made into a rare red pepper; Dry green pepper color preservation technology can be used for more rare mature red pepper corn drying. The red pepper pepper varieties is different from the other more common "red pepper", the latter is a different division of Peru pepper wood (Schinus the molle) and their close relatives Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) fruit. In the past there was debate about whether red pepper corn as food security, but the dispute has been settled now. Black pepper on botany and is called "sichuan pepper" of Chinese prickly ash without any contact.

Peppercorn usually classify according to the producers or the delivery port. India Malabar coast produces two famous varieties: respectively is Malabar pepper and pepper DaiLiJie. In DaiLiJie pepper is a kind of advanced pepper, this pepper production raw material, is in the mountain Malabar DaiLiJie pepper wood produces the largest and most mature berries (accounts for about 10% of the total amount of berries). Sarawak pepper grown in Malaysian part of Borneo, lampung pepper produced in the Indonesian island of Sumatra, whereas montauk pepper produced in the Indonesian island of bangka.

history

Application effect spices

In India, pepper since prehistoric times is used as a spice. J. Innes Miller wrote, although pepper also grew up in southern Thailand and Malaysia, but it is the main source in India, particularly in the Malabar coast area, also is the present state of kerala. Called "black gold" peppercorn is valuable goods trade, it is also used as a physical currency. The words in English, peppercorn "pepercorn" and even "is named after the rent" metaphorical meaning.

Black pepper ancient history often associated with long pepper (and confusing) together. The Roman people know that these two kinds of plants, but they only use a "piper" to describe both. Indeed, until after arrived in the new world and discover chili, long pepper to no longer was welcomed by the people of Europe. Because some pepper in the shape of the dry and taste similar to long pepper, and chili can also cultivated in the broader region, these are great convenience for the europeans.

Pharaoh ramses ii mummy nostrils have been discovered in the black peppercorn, should be in the top 1213 law shortly after the old mummified in the ceremony. Today the use of pepper in ancient Egypt and pepper from India to the way the Nile basin are poorly understood.

As early as the 4th century BC, the greeks had already know about the existence of pepper and long pepper: although pepper is likely to be at the time was a rare and expensive, and only extremely rich class to be able to buy. At the time, the pepper is via overland trade or delivery of the Arabian sea sea route to Europe. India's southwest produces long pepper pepper is easier to get than more south produces; Due to the long pepper trade advantage, plus more full-bodied spiciness, long pepper in the popularity of the era, perhaps more than the black pepper.

To make sauce

Before the end of the middle ages, Europe, Middle East and north Africa the black pepper on the market are from India Malabar region. Began in the 16th century, pepper on the island of Java, the sunda islands, the island of Sumatra, Madagascar, Malaysia and other southeast Asian region for cultivation, but most of these areas planting pepper is used for trade with China, or to meet the needs of the local. Malabar region of spice trade port or the far east transshipment port in the Indian Ocean.

Black pepper with other commodities from India and the far east, usher in the age of the great geographical discovery, changed the course of world history. These precious commodity is prompted the europeans to look for new routes in India and one of the reasons for establishing colonies; At the same time, in the process of looking for new routes, discovered and colonized by europeans in the americas.

In the early days of the Roman empire, particularly in the 30 years before the Romans conquered Egypt, across the Arabian sea to south India Malabar coast trade routes began to busy. The eritrean voyages, recorded the details of the trade routes across the Indian Ocean. According to the account of the Greek geographer strabo, the early Roman empire will send a team of each year, about 120 aircraft fleet of ships engaged in trade with India. Fleet periodically every year across the Arabian sea, in order to catch every year the monsoon. Returning from India, fleet will dock in the red sea port, and by land or the canal to the Nile, and then from the Nile to Alexandria, the last shipment shipped to Italy and Rome. For one thousand five hundred years before the new airline found, such as pepper spice trade to Europe route is the same with this line.

Black pepper is the Roman empire, a well-known and widely used condiments, although it is very expensive. 3rd century recipe book Apicius De re coquinaria in most recipes are need to use pepper. Edward gibbon in his "the decline and fall of the Roman empire," writes, pepper is "one of the most luxurious Roman cuisine is particularly common composition"

At the peak

In ancient Europe, valuable pepper is often used as collateral and even currency. Tasty (with the fall of Rome, pepper and pepper monetary value) by conquerors to grab. It is said that in the 5th century, west gothic ara rick I surrounded with attila the hun in Rome, had asked Rome has pressed for more than a ton of pepper. After the fall of Rome, other countries began to come in the spice trade: the first is the Persian, and then the Arab; Innes Miller cites a Byzantine writer xiang-dong zeng trip to India, Thomas indy science Wright, a accounts, as the 6th century when pepper still enter Europe "from India. [19] in the end of the dark ages of Islam in the middle route of control of the spice trade. After entering the Mediterranean, trade monopoly by Italian forces, especially Venice and Genoa. Spice trade to a great extent, is one of the reasons why these city-states arose.

Usually think in the middle ages, the pepper is used to cover up the rotten smell of meat. But, there is no evidence to support this claim, and historians have different opinions: in the middle ages, as luxury pepper only rich people can afford, and rich people apparently don't eat rotten meat. Similarly, pepper has been used as a preservative on a large scale is also has a problem: pepper contains compounds piperine there are some bactericidal effect, but as a spice used pepper contains pepper alkali concentration is low, there is little influence. Salt is a preservative for more effective, by contrast, and bacon are common food: especially in winter. Save the meat for a long time, however, may need to improve its taste pepper and other spices.

In the middle ages, the pepper is very expensive, and pepper trade in Europe and monopoly by Italian - which has become the one cause of the Portuguese, looking for new routes in India. In 1498, vasco da gama became the first europeans arrived in India by sea; Calicut arabs (speaks Spanish and Italian) asked why they come here, he replied: "we are looking for christians and spices." At the completion of the first voyage around southern Africa arrived in India, the large number of the Portuguese quickly into the Arabian sea, with a powerful navy fire had seized absolute control over the Arabian sea trade. This is the first time that European countries will power to Asia, torre DE Sirius treaty was signed in 1494 gives the the outspread of legitimacy (at least from a European point of view), the treaty has to admit that the Portugal, including pepper production source, half of the exclusive rights of the world.

The related historical records

The Portuguese soon proved unable to control the spice trade. Arab and Venetian success through the blockade of Portugal, the smuggling of spices; So besides the Africa's new route, Alexandria and Italy still exist between the old route. In the 17th century, the Portuguese in India

The status of the replaced by the Netherlands and the UK. From 1661 to 1663, the Malabar coast port of pepper all fall into the Dutch hands.

Due to the increase in number of European pepper, pepper prices began to fall (although the value of the import trade in general has not changed). At the beginning of the early middle ages is the prerogative of the rich pepper into the ordinary people, and become the daily seasoning products. The proportion of pepper in the world spice trade also increased to one 5.

Upright shi-ji southwest yi could be the earliest recorded with the document of pepper. According to the records of shiji, emperor yuan under six years (135 years) before sending his Yang make Tang Meng to south Vietnam, south yue emperor "GouJiang" is used to treat Tang Meng, and told Tang Meng "GouJiang" from yelang river river (now beipanjiang river) to panyu city near (now guangzhou). When Tang Meng back to changan, and businessmen from the department that yelang "GouJiang" of the market from the shudu (now sichuan). According to li shizhen research, with the thought that "GouJiang" or "betel pepper" refers to the pepper plant lotus leaf, but there are some different views, such as the western jin dynasty JiHan of "southern vegetation shape" think it's the long pepper, also have the posterity think it's a black pepper; In addition, there are some view betel pepper is definite hepatoprotective, Chinese wolfberry, or konjac.

Although pepper may in the wei and jin dynasty was known for China before, but pepper mass was introduced into China in the tang dynasty, prime minister yuan killed because take bribes property, pepper eight hundred stone had stolen goods. In history, according to the unitary Yang miscellaneous him "pepper, the ogre tuo countries, call for the fulfillment of the mei branch", people have begun to the use of pepper for the meat flavor. In the 12th century, black pepper sauce has become the powerful family dishes in common, even partially replaced sauce origin of Chinese prickly ash. Marco Polo described had he learned that the "city" (Kinsay, now zhejiang hangzhou) pepper consumption, it illustrates the pepper from a flank in the 13th century the Chinese pop: "... the Marco Polo from a great khan customs official learning, listed the pepper were 43, and each bear weighs two hundred and twenty-three pounds." "Marco Polo travel notes" in the records of Chinese characters is not very reliable, travel to provide second-hand data is questionable; However, if travel a city referred to in the daily consumption of pepper was up to ten thousand pounds (4500 kg) to be verified, so at that time Europe pepper imports compared with China but is nine cattle.

smell

The spicy pepper mainly comes from chemical piperine, piperine exists in peel and seeds at the same time. To calculate as mg, refined piperine spiciness is about one percent of capsaicin in chilies. The epicarp of pepper contains can produce smells of pinene, juniper ene, allyl, caryophyllene and linalool, terpenoids, these let produce odor material such as lemon, trees and flowers. White pepper almost lost the scent, because white pepper to remove the skin layer. Due to the longer fermentation stage, white pepper will get some of the other smells (including mildew flavour).

The smell of pepper can follow chemical volatilization and loss, so the seal save contribute to long-term preservation of pepper spiciness. Under the irradiation of light also can let lose some pepper aroma, because piperine fat will be transformed into a vision of the almost tasteless pepper alkali. After grinding into powder, pepper aromas would quickly evaporate; So most of the cookbook is not recommended before use ground peppercorns. The hand-held pepper mill can be mechanically peppercorn grinding or crushed and made into pepper, at the same time, there are commercially available of pepper. In the 14th century in Europe in the kitchen a pepper mill under the existence of this kind of spice blender, but earlier using a mortar and pestle to grind pepper is a common method.

Spice reference

The spicy pepper mainly comes from chemical piperine, piperine exists in peel and seeds at the same time. To calculate as mg, refined piperine spiciness is about one percent of capsaicin in chilies. The epicarp of pepper contains can produce smells of pinene, juniper ene, allyl, caryophyllene and linalool, terpenoids, these let produce odor material such as lemon, trees and flowers.

The smell of pepper can follow chemical volatilization and loss, so the seal save contribute to long-term preservation of pepper spiciness. Under the irradiation of light also can let lose some pepper aroma, because piperine fat will be transformed into a vision of the almost tasteless pepper alkali. After grinding into powder, pepper aromas would quickly evaporate; So most of the cookbook is not recommended before use ground peppercorns. The hand-held pepper mill can be mechanically peppercorn grinding or crushed and made into pepper, at the same time, there are commercially available of pepper. In the 14th century in Europe in the kitchen a pepper mill under the existence of this kind of spice blender, but earlier using a mortar and pestle to grind pepper is a common method.

aromatherapy

Black pepper with strong, the flavor of the stimulus, the use of a little black pepper can achieve a good therapeutic effect. Especially for immediate refreshing and supplement energy. Other clinical findings in aromatherapy, the acrid smell of black pepper essential oil not only can melt a woman's sex apathy, as well as interest in middle-aged men lack, so it is husband and wife increase interest yes good bath oil.