Chinese history (series) (2)

The second section of the original human health and health

One, the evolution of the original human constitution

Human's constitution is GuYuan evolution gradually formed by, its evolution for:

GuYuan - early homo erectus - late homo erectus - early homo sapiens sapiens - modern and advanced GuYuan;

GuYuan - great apes - modern apes;

The above human evolution of every main chain link, China both have found the typical fossils, in an obvious also constitutionally (namely Chinese Mongolian leah race) features.

(a) early homo erectus

GuYuan early homo erectus or says the south. The 300 million - dating survival due to China's past 1.5 million years, not found fossils, archaeologists south ape believed, Asia's mankind is a migration to Africa. 1970 in hubei JianShiXian GaoPing keel hole and great apes tooth fossils of the early pleistocene late coexist, found three star layer with south GuYuan slender kind of close molars (under the gao jian: with the south west GuYuan apes symbiosis fossilized teeth ", paleovertebrates and paleoanthropology, 1975, the first phase 2). In 1989 MiTuo temple village in hubei yun county has unearthed China's first south apes skull fossils, fill the Asian human origin chain lack links (liao hope "1990 18 issues; Britain" nature "magazine 354 stage).

(2) adanced homo erectus

Late homo erectus or says homo erectus, including early pleistocene late pleistocene homo erectus types and medium. Late in Europe, Asia, homo erectus, not three states are found, more than 200 million years (or 1.5 million years) - 40 years (or 30 million years). Upright brain capacity increase significantly, can make more progress with fire, and begin origin-development, but still more physical primitiveness. China, found constructers, Beijing yuanmou of late, homo erectus per capita.

(3) early homo sapiens

Early homo sapiens also say the ancients, including the late pleistocene in late pleistocene early humans and with modern constitution more close. But there is still a certain primitive nature, dating from about 30 million years (or 20 million years) to 5 million years, our country DingCunRen, horse dam discovered, TongZi people, such as changyang county belong to the early homo sapiens.

To DingCunRen for example, its fossil for a 12, 3 years young right teeth. Two incisors angled shovel, and tongue Beijing similar, but dedendum, tooth corona is tiny, the lingual long axon and refers to shape tu also relatively simple, and the modern Mongolian race has non-differently functioning. The first two molar tooth corona and dedendum also relatively tiny, Beijing is relatively high tooth corona higher, the occlusal surfaces without beijingers complex. DingCunRen is Beijing and intermediate links between modern people.

(4) adanced homo sapiens

Late homo sapiens is also called the newcomer, including the late pleistocene to modern humans, late in life, dating to 5 million to now similar basically with modern physical features. China, found hetao, ziyang, kylin, the total ShanRen, who belong to the late homo sapiens shedding etc. Here basically introduces hetao and shedding.

Hetao people. Since 1922 in Inner Mongolia autonomous region WuSu river zaragoza wushen banner, accumulation has since found fossilized human, femoral parietal 22 pieces after the study, there are some primitive man hetao properties, such as skull bone wall thicker, bone seam easier, mandible body brawnier, mental hole on the low side, intramedullary smaller etc, general physical features of already very close to the modern people, late homo sapiens, dating to 5 ~ 3.5 million years living in the loop people incisors, angled shovel, pillow scales between above has a bone, and modern Mongolian race was close.

Shedding. Fossil material represents eight different gender individuals, including adults 5 (including 1 more than 60 years), a young, a child, a baby. In top nodules shedding near the skull and the widest, teeth smaller, tooth corona before higher, mandible within XiaKe outstanding, curved obvious, brain capacity of 13-1500 ml. Average height is the male 1.74 meters; Female 1.59-meter. Show them already there with modern.

Second, the original human disease

(a) of oral diseases

Through the analysis of archaeological discoveries of human teeth material, original oral diseases are mainly periodontal disease, fluorine tooth disease, dental caries, scallop abscess, and abrasion. Periodontal disease right first molar constructers mandibular the buccal teeth are on edge atrophy and significantly cut the thickening traces of periodontal disease changes, the molar due to illness, which were on the right off in all teeth and left two incisors tilt to the lack of gap parts. The elderly individuals shedding alveolar bone density, also have traces of periodontal disease. Neolithic sites, also found a periodontal disease. In jiangsu Pi county big blocks with human mandibular relics of 113, with periodontal disease, cancer with 46 of the mandibular individual number, such as the store in 40.7% of chin with tooth on a number of projects, periodontal disease 172 (male 118, female 54), the total number of teeth, and the man is 16.6% than women (HanKang letters: jiangsu Pi county big blocks of Stone Age skeletons, archaeological journal, phase ii) in 1974. Henan ChengGao AnWuZhen site of 15, with human mandibular 10 was suffering from weight periodontal disease, ranging from two individuals of the alveolar damage more serious, some root department almost all exposure, periodontal disease prevalence ZhouDaCheng: henan 66.7% (AnWuZhen neolithic skeletons of the oral situation, 1959,7 dental magazine, (5)).

Fluorine tooth disease, 1971 ~ 1972 TongZi county in guizhou TongZi person six MEDALS found fossilized teeth, three were have traces of fluorine tooth disorder, a medal for children aged 6 upper molars and a medal in the first of the upper left corner of about 10 years of age individual canine, enamel defect WuMaoLin particularly serious (such as TongZi found: the dates of guizhou and cultural relics of fossils with human paleovertebrates 1 (1975).

Found in shanxi YangGaoXian XuGu kiln village and hebei YangYuan county home in the village of syndrome XuGu kiln furnace of human fossils, according to uranium, dating from about 10 date law: the JiaLanPo million years (such as high XuGu kiln paleolithic Yang ", journal of cultural relic archaeology in 1976, phase 2), in a medal in the maxillary incisors children left upper lip tooth corona face significant yellow small indentation, is defect type traces of fluorine tooth disorder.

Dating from about 12,000-16,000 years, MaoDong righteousness county in guizhou palaeolithic sites cat found in the two complete mandibular distraction, a right before the body and only four parts of the mandibular body prominence in leave 25 teeth, coexistence, almost all traces of the disease have fluorine teeth, including defect of main type with tooth 17 pieces, developing tooth type cretaceous, six COINS ring with tooth type coloring, only 1 1 normal MEDALS. In a young female jaw teeth, left the first bite facial bits with right first molars molars defect shape quite consistent, is a rare disease (symmetry defect fluorine teeth: the fossil human he oral diseases ", fossils, 1990 (1)).

Dental caries, guangxi, the total soil bo Ian former hole unearthed fossils, upper left first advanced homo sapiens upper molars and second molar have caries trace, the affected part is located in illness mesial teeth, dental crowns in the neck mesial have caries hole. Jiangsu Pi county big blocks of stored in mandibular teeth plan, male 682 a 1,035 applications a 353, dental caries, women, 66, of which men of 6.4% caries 36, female 30, the prevalence of sexes separately 5.2% and 8.5%, women than men (ZhouDaCheng: "Chinese oral medical exam" people's medical publishing house, 1991). Henan ChengGao GuangWuZhen unearthed fossils, has teeth 210, have dental caries 41, prealence was 19.5%, are relatively low (ZhouDaCheng: the modern Chinese oral medical exam "people's medical publishing house, 1991).

The cogging abscess, in a late neolithic people and ziyang homo sapiens are found in human fossils. People in the fossil, ziyang osseous destroyed, left three were already shedding molars before death, in the inside of the remaining scallop wall, a significant structure great irregularity bone scar. The neolithic age Pi county big blocks of jiangsu with periodontal disease fossils, unrelated to the root in 9 cases, accounting for all lesions, including the number of mandibular 8% 6 cases with the root of alveolar bone lesions, rest 3 cases of circular fistula with obvious apex alveolar bone resorption logo. 9 cases of seven was suffering from serious dental caries, pulp exposure, including six due to excessive wear teeth, dental pulp exposure, a case before caused due to chew on something hard, tooth enamel split, make crown part caused by exposure to the medullary cavity. The cogging abscess in shandong zou XiaHou archaeological and mountain things also have found (yan words: "xixia syndrome of neolithic skeletons of archaeological research report, in 1973, the first phase 2).

In Beijing, XuGu abrasion, furnace and numerous, ziyang man fossils, neolithic sites are found. Henan ChengGao 15 GuangWuZhen unearthed in individual teeth, three people, adult 10 elderly people, children 2 people of existing 208 teeth classification, once at least, two degrees abrasion secondly and four degrees of the third, three degrees in a majority of cases. There was nothing exposure, the medullary cavity abrasion formed by wearing pulp infection, which caused the root lesions and pulp necrosis, cheeks, palate, root weeks of alveolar bone disappear, root exposure, dental pulp gangrene, etc. In addition, according to the fossilized teeth, primitive ZhouYan, malposition tooth root, tooth also more common diseases such as elongation HanKang letter etc (: the jiangsu Pi county big blocks of neolithic skeletons of study of archaeological, 1974, the first phase 2, HanKang letters: "the big blocks for king and neolithic human oral maxillofacial abnormal deformation of 1980 archaeology, the second phase).

From the above material can be seen in the original invention, disease crowd quite common existence, may be affecting their healthy one of the important reasons. When food is basically rare beast meat, scale, lack of processing fruit such as cereals, mainly rely on the shattered teeth, which increased the burden, make teeth while excessive, even happen wear folding teeth. Coarse food also easy to stab oral mucosa and gum, thus and easy cause periodontitis, dental caries, tooth disease will inevitably influence on the multiple primitive digestive and nutrition absorption, it is the leading cause of short life primitive one reason.

(2) traumatic disease

From Beijing's skull to leave scar, and is most by a sharp implements with flesh, round stone or sticks blow be caused by. A female skull, shedding a burst ensemble fold stick containing trace; The left frontal parietal, between NieRu line before and after place has a wide 15.5 mm, fluctuation of 10 millimeter, according to think, both perforation after death is not the bone damage caused by injury, but was SongDaRen: "primitive society (the health culture", Chinese journal of 6.1955) then maintains.

Mountain XiaHou neolithic sites what men saw a right no.2 grave after humeral fractures healed. Healing place a large bony scab, fracture position near the back from humeral neck surgeon inclined downward to the deltoid muscle and thick long BDC stretches nearly 85 mm near near end, fracture, lateral displacement within forward shift to $1.3 mm (yan words: "west of the human XiaHou neolithic archaeological research report, journal of stage 3), 1973. Guangdong among QuJiangMa dam brow and frontal animals found there; meshes hurt trace Jiangsu Pi county big blocks MuZhu left femur 316 number caused Zu bone with arrows; 十五座 yuanmou of yunnan, big blocks the graves of eight with angiographic lumbosacral region left the bones Zu before the stone was shot four MEDALS, junior, much more than 10 rockets. Opinion primitive casualties in traumatic ill quite a few.

(3) joint disease

The joint disease in addition to the class of outside, in primitive damage skeleton still common have bone hyperplasia, osteoarthritis, evaluated; spinal variation, femoral bending increase and osteomyelitis illnesses such trace. Yangshao culture ginger village site, with 40 bones are bone hyperplasia disease, while the average age forty years; lack of Weinan historian and baoji first ridge clan graveyards bone than a variety of morbid, such as M2 skeleton in eight with a skeleton 6 for middle-aged women with lumbar sacral variation, 8 for a middle-aged men skeleton femoral bending increased. The M16 with skeleton, six to 10 skeleton older men taking fosamax showed smaller form bone bridge before tuberculosis. With M18 18 skeleton of a skeleton 13 for middle-aged women evaluated (the banpo neolithic village, etc "shaanxi neolithic site" archaeological weinan historians 1978,1 (5) see JiaLanPo: "in mainland China ancient residents" P95). XuGu kiln man occipital area saw a many fine holes and tiny wrinkles, parietal also have such into plexus holes, palaeontologist LinYiPiao think is the lack of certain vitamins and die "bone holes disease" or "cribriform HanKang outside skull disease" (letter, etc Pi county: the big blocks of jiangsu neolithic skeletons ", journal of archaeology, 1971 phase 2). Five people have two people such low incidence, visible.

(4) pregnant is produced and children's disease

Shedding a dead bones for unborn fetus in the womb died; Gansu YongQing big HeZhuang site saw a baby is located in between, much like the adult thigh dystopia is bereaved of mother-to-child rig. Pi county big blocks with skeleton, died in 199 14 to 23 years old person, including 13 women with 21, speculation has died, which were HanKang letter etc (see: the jiangsu Pi county big blocks of neolithic skeletons, journal of the archaeological studies of 1974.2).

Infantile mortality especially high. BanPo urn coffins were buried with 73. Were aged 1 years of age. Gansu YongQing big HeZhuang 82 seat, 1 ~ 8 years old tomb pediatric 55 seats, 60%. Because kids, we cannot judge skeletal perishable the cause of death, but infantile high-maintenance yi yao, is easy to see.

Third, the original human life

Primitive man faced harsh natural environment, the prevention and cure of diseases of the poor, their average conditions ShouYu extremely low. Anthropologists about Beijing's 38 individual age had serious research found dead in 14 years old of the following 15 people, three people under the age of 30, 40 ~ 50 years old 3 people, 50 ~ 60 years old only 1 person, the rest of the 16 deaths SongZhaoLin age uncertain (such as the original Chinese society ":, page 32, cultural relic press, 1983). The research shows that neolithic skeletons, when life expectancy is low, live to middle-aged increased earlier in old less, according to gender statistics. In adolescence, female mortality than men; In middle period, men than women; Enter old age, and with the female, young period for high mortality rate is high, when women with childbirth or severe infection after involved; A middle age man with high mortality rate, the heavy manual labor, fighting between clans have contact. Primitive man the life and health of the natural environment, was the threat of harsh, disease, forested, and ShouYu very short, they urgent requirement of medicine and health protection, is to promote the basic condition of medical happen.