Chinese history (han dynasty) (serial 23)

The fourth chapter dynasties medicine

End of the warring states, qin, to gradually strong in 221 BC, successively established Jian destroy six Chinese history, first feudal despotism centralized state, qin script, currency, further unification car rail, weights and measures. But because of the FenShuKengRu HengZhengBaoLian, to people's practice cruel servitude, quickly in the peasant uprising impact cracked. Han dynasty (206 B.C. in the 8th years), ~ made, but advocate followed qin huang Lao learning, so-called "futility of cure", make people's "rehabilitate", appeared collectors Ann its official, the folk music its industry, wealth, population soars situation. Since the western han dynasty put forward "ousted, dong, rejection of various, and the Confucian thoughts occupied after the dominant position, affect whole feudal society eastern han dynasty. Thereafter, the XinMang dynasty (AD 8 ~ 25 years) with "retro" under the ruling class crisis, save the restructured failure, peasant uprising incurred throughout the country. In A.D. 25 years, LiuXiu proclaims oneself emperor, its capital luoyang han (A.D., was said 25 ~ 220 years).

Han dynasty, the north of economic development is faster. WeiShui together the Yellow River basin water between the national economy, and was the center. Due to the development of agriculture and the handicraft industry, business and trade development, eastern han dynasty changan and that economic, have become luoyang cultural exchanges and political center. Domestic traffic further digging, the silk road and the development of southeast shipping promoted the economic and cultural prosperity and internal and external communication. The population to qin han from 20 to 50 million.

The consolidation of han dynasty, official attention classics annotation, the form "classics". In ancient classics by the old text and internal struggle between two parties intense. Neuroscience research methods and ideas of the development of medicine, produces a profound impact.

The qin, fairy the favour of emperor alchemist get. From the warring states, qin JiYan area to alchemist many. Emperor qinshihuang,, superstitious immortals. Qin shihuang pie Korea eventually to seek the undead medicine, sent xu city into the eastern sea for fairy, LuSheng FangQiu fairy HouSheng and send medication. For more than 50 years, immortal emperor LiShaoJun alchemist, even as reuse their daughters to marry the alchemist, but did not get longevity fairy medicine end. These failures did not lead to immortal thoughts phantom destroy, but with abnormal forms gradually evolves, the alchemist's activities and medical and health care have a close relationship.

About the western han dynasty, the buddhist already popular in the western world, with western and central part's economic and cultural exchange, Buddhism hence passes into inland. On the other hand, east han dynasty produced in China, follows the Taoism FangXian way, way and some early in practice method, yellow emperor and Lao tze for hierarch. Honour the tao-te ching for classic. Taoist practices, doing a keeping eternal qi, take feed, room etc, and medicine development are closely linked.

Han dynasty has great development of science and technology. Shi-ji days GuanShu "detailed record on Sunday constellation, and some stars in the operation. Han shu recorded by five volunteers, "RiBan" (sunspots). When TaiShi emperor qian, to Hong los and astronomer under such people make "too early, instead of the calendar" qin ZhuanXu calendar used down. Later, LiuXin three series calendar. Astronomers already know han dynasty to eclipse reasons, liu hong writes "dry like a picture compiling calendar" moon speedo. The calendar department was later and developed based on the calendar. Weather the knowledge accumulation, the development of a monitoring instruments for the use of natural phenomena, scientific explanations of luck, the development of theories theory, causes a certain stimulative effect.

Agriculture in the crops cultivation, reflect the use of hot spring sericultural advantages of medicine, greenhouse has an important influence on the development. Mathematics, physics, chemical, also LianDan in different extent for medicine continuously provide theoretical knowledge and material.

Qin han is China's medical history, abroad carry development period. Its performance has the following main features:

1 the establishment of treatment, the dialectical thinking. Dialectical treatment in the pre-qin period of thoughts appear. Qin han period, after countless necessary efforts, especially the eastern han ZhangZhongJing miscellaneous diseases of "typhoid fever with six-channel theory of typhoid, zang-fu cause with miscellaneous diseases, formed a set of combining Daniel French medicine syndrome differentiation system and built up the basic norms. Established the four diagnostic, eight principles, organs, meridian, three because, eight method of differentiation basic theories.

2, appeared YiAn. In the western han dynasty inherited ChunYuYi before the basis of academic experience, recording the patient will list the name diagnosis, identity, gender, disease, obscurely, etiology, pulse certificate, diagnosis, treatment (herbs, acupuncture, including wash medicine, channeling medicine, etc.), prevention, reflects the YiAn simple to learn early academic style for the later set an example YiAn necessary writing.

3, in clinical medical progress outstanding. Hua tuo and execute with hemp boiling scattered surgery, although its formulae, operation technology, but it lost in academic thought enlightenment surgical physicians. The ZhangZhongJing miscellaneous diseases in theory of typhoid fever and internal medicine exogenous febrile disease such as miscellaneous diseases of the syndrome differentiation and treatment by theory and practice, the traditional bibles.

4, preliminary laid drug pharmacology system. With the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked as a representative, set before the eastern han, academic experience unparalleled drug BenCaoXue and pharmacology of past dynasties development has a far-reaching influence. The theory of "miscellaneous diseases of typhoid jotting prescriptions and pharmacology, revered as the FangZhiZu theory.

The first day the medical system

The qin dynasty in its regime, pay more attention to in the construction of from other generals and former generation y medical past experiences, forming a set of the medical system. Although the qin dynasty history is not long, but far-reaching influence.

One, the medical system qin

The state agency in the qin dynasty in 2000, less for one of the government's in less, "" tong consists of six lol, seven" : official ceremonies qin have cure too much make cheng, also the Lord medicine, belong to less. Qin shihuang's handsome leather-covered, often have "shi YaoNang medical" offering, unto the delegates in emperor side, waits for a rainy day. The central officials responsible for not only cure too much disease diagnoses and therapy, and in charge of the local counties. Then everywhere in medical issues with medical long, for far too often, cure too much lol. Medicine mansion of medicine for long, has hosted drug store drugs hidden mansion. Drug

Second, the han medical system

In the han dynasty with the physician position subordinate to cure too much on heir, into two system:

Too often system. "In six years ($landscape emperor in 144 B.C.). Too often of official name are too joy, too wish, too TaiShi slaughter, doppler, cure too much and too." that lol (han shu GongGongQing table ", the 7 million). At that time, the cure too much make lol equivalent, its later too hospital have internal division, is responsible with management, management the formulae of cooperatively and Canon must diagnose qi-deficiency and materia shi edict points. Canon brought qi-deficiency focuses on the development of prescriptions for court qi-deficiency need. But mainly for herbal stay within the royal collection, various medicinal material, these people don't like Canon brought stability, the formulas with official when levy, and anytime ennui up broken cuts.

2 it is less mansion system. "Little house, qin official, the palm of ChiZe mountain to feed, taxes, six lol. Genera of state, officials have since time immemorial, cure too much, too officer, soup officer, guiding the judges, if Lou, exam yuefu, various work room, bedroom, oasis left around the bedroom, so, woven west weave, dong-yeng artisan" etc make (han shu GongQing table ", the 7 baiguan). Mainly for the court's cure too much less care. That's in less, lol of cure too much medical personnel are: officials and by a prison, cure too much more powerful doctor filled, han zhao emperor, the high-ranking hull shangguan when "wife father but filling." for cure too much prison nation (han shu · filial piety zhao shangguan queen "). Han shi medical, follow the qin system, mainly for the emperor royal and ZhuHouWang diagnosis and therapy, which is equivalent to the roommaid later physician. Han shu of the medical WangJiaChuan waitresses, WuHong DongXian preach "in", said in a letter, "medical stay for the same title. Hostess: d, female medical, milk, in my palace mainly for medical services such as queen, princess and gynecological diseases, diagnosis and treatment.

The governors medical administration modeled after adding the central, such as west ham governors palace, and Jackie north namesake king cure too much high period, WangYu; Neat the king had roommaid cures. In addition, palace of the others have preferences zhongjings prescriptions. Palace hand cultivate your own doctor, sent famous doctors there consult, or worship for medical study study. Division Local officials home, also many medical facilities. For example GaoYongHou stewards of the western han dynasty, had ChunYuYi DuXin to studying the mai jing ", "five-color diagnosis than two years", etc. 1973 unearthed in changsha miu 14 species of medicine the jianbo book for the case of western han dynasty.

Local county, counties, townships, pavilion level 4 institutions, relevant medical system can jian historical data for less. In the regime may be brought before forensic examination organization. Pavilion level set special palm camp "open shut eliminate" (shi-ji GaoZu this discipline ", which can meet MaFei 100 "qin set history" first 494 pages, 833pp 1982 edition) affairs pavilion, and therefore want to know the father in county, county, township level in the administrative agencies in charge, also can have the JianGuan medicine and health officials or. The lower people "who died in 2006 Fen on edge, the loser's word." (han shu ZhuFuYan preach, "). "People, have we not raise, elderly, infirm in opposite ways the dead." (han shu ChaoCuo biography), is clearly visible, lack of medical care.

XinMang period sets cure too much shang fang. History carries "ZhaiYi party kei caught an infortune mang make cure too much shang fang and artful Ku stripped of the carcasses, measure, with bamboo five Tibetan lords guide their chakras know that circulates, cloud can cure." (han shu WangMang biography),

Too often withdrew east han dynasty; only in less system established fuchu alone, 600 to cure too much lol. The medical stone, palm Subordinate doctors, member of 293 19 responsible for diagnosis and publicans relevant matters. In addition, still medicine FangCheng each one, lol, respectively, master drugs and zhongjings prescriptions.

Medical personnel engaged in court and: cure too much, waits mainly engaged in medical work; medical Still, palace medicine developto the length and taste of medicine too officer, mainly engaged in drug fix and debugging. "Palaces, 400 stone long one medicine." (the HouHanShu · baiguan volunteers "). From the eastern han dynasty, emperor and emperor later chapter, palaces, set up the system Settings expand the taste of the office, medicine too mainly responsible for the taste of medicine. CDC roommaid east han dynasty by the specialist is responsible, taste medicine that taste than this agent drug dose two-tenths of above, and taste of medicine are not limited to taste as one developto "HouHanShu" load "(emperor) don't prepare, cure too much make cheng will you appropriate medical into medicine, taste, nearly minister, middling developto the waitresses, yellow door, all first taste medicine, excessive twelve, GongQing courtiers asked daily life to each other." (the HouHanShu · etiquette under ")

Court the needed drugs, general from all over the country into the gong. Each county every year han nation where royal contribution asking famous medicinal materials. For some lack of medicinal herbs, cure too much make cheng to timely to send purchases. When the emperor crown prince due to illness lack medicine, court namely sent "down county countries from Jane medicine." county (the HouHanShu · delay tuk strategy "). Han are also equipped with the physician (equivalent to courtier health physician), except dahonglu five people outside the TingWei, medical, WeiWei, too servant, Pope is, big SiNong, less government also each have an official medical (the HouHanShu · baiguan volunteers ").

The eastern han dynasty dynasty physician system is perfect, add some medical offices, and local medical no longer by the central committee direct management, and by local responsible. In the realm of YiGong set "syndrome," long "Lord medicine". (the HouHanShu baiguan volunteers "), became the king in hebei LiuSheng in the grave of zhongshan jing with "have been excavated YiGong" type of copper POTS.

Han dynasty can be divided into the doctor, the doctor medical and folk. The focus is on the service object medical bureaucracy class, from the central to local formation a organized medical system. DaiTu imparted by division folk of medical education forms, but some development of medical education official has not been formed, mainly from the folk medicine medical people choose, (han shu GongSheng preach "), and some may as temporary hiring. Han flat beginning five years (the emperor of 5 years), "levy the world by written notice, the escape, astronomy, calendar calculation, ZhongLv, primary, ShiPian, eternal, materia, and to five classics, the analects of Confucius, xiao jing", "erh ya" who sent it being a professor who, to matriculating thousands of people." (han shu ping emperor, discipline ") but sometimes it is the western han dynasty, such as medical layoff seasons HouShen alchemist, "FuShi, messenger, and more than 70 edict materia medica are to be home." (han shu volunteer "), bridging the suburbs, except for the major medical service outside, some still ruler for army assigned to the general populace, even residents, ask for punishment ACTS, prisoners. JingZhaoYin turtler Chen eastern medical cures for civilian officials. When massive epidemic eastern han, supporting zadok mail from Italy appointed officials clock for pharmaceutical, medical "the whole fish." more than SuoBu (the HouHanShu · clock from Italy biographical "), jung of "in the abrogation or resumption say" buy enrollment palace messengers, Lord south forestiers eaters." Huan emperor built and three years in ennui said: "ACTS as department, disease cause medicine." (the HouHanShu · constant emperor jamie "), and according to the south eastern han dynasty unearthed FanYong luoyang written: "brick volunteers right there to encourage punishment, and YingChuanYing of Yin, can't go to FanYong ghost salary, to leave the medical." That is let full punishment of disease ACTS continue in punishment ACTS area for treatment.

Han dynasty already gradually formed the medical institutions. The western han dynasty "milk homes", equivalent to ChanYuan. According to the customs general RuNa righteousness "account:" WengZhong rebar, word, week for TaiWei Chuan. Women born female, up from milk without man. When the poison than male, slaughter woman because SiHuo phase down easy, perhaps tens of thousands. "money , "YingChuan have rich room, brother cohabitation, two women are conceived for months, long woman injured uteruses womb of minnith, because closed. Time to nurse, DiFu shed, with night because Lord male, stealing, for three years, state dispute." can never county (the taiping revision "volume 361), RuNa, YingChuan are han dynasty, and greater state county state county and city some breast may also shed, and hospitalized with women have the butcher's wife, explain ChanYuan is not designed for ruling class and set. "HouHanShu · baiguan volunteers" account, yi court makes the subordinate has suddenly and violently room lol, "the Lord in this chamber, diseases shall be the woman died." This is equivalent to gynecological examination.

Han dynasty in order to control the refugees, during the epidemic pandemic ever had created temporary hospitals. "The beginning two years (A.D. 2 years) county countries.... the locust drought, the CDC ennui people claimed up empty mansions, for buy medicine for the first." (han shu ping emperor, discipline "), yuan jia reign (151) matriculating epidemic diseases, court sent Paul doctor and cure too much light patrol outbreaks. In social unrest, regime the instability of the cases, these temporary control epidemic of organizations also difficult to setup.

Three, qin han medical regulation

Clouds dream B.C. in 217 qin acorns. One of the city migrants have sicken recorded by the competent officers, only rations, and no discretion to medical treatment, if small Li minister illness, suspected of the treatment (by the master sleep tiger and chin's bamboo slips, see "the 1976 cultural relics of 6 ~ 9 period. The regulation about children below the same the report), if not due to illness and death, should submit inspection documents the rulers to punish. All the slaves, the rulers to buy for its history must pass to medical check-up, no sick can "buy. The rulers of the disabled guard were caught with escaping, who is disabled people were arrested, who also escaping shall be punished by the government.

Qin shihuang, had "accept the world book, bos wielder do go!" (shi-ji qin shihuang this discipline "), in 213 BC, qin shihuang ordered FenShu, making Chinese culture was big losses. But expressly legal "medicine" (the book BuShi plant trees shi-ji qin shihuang this discipline "), not the columns, burn to make medical books in society preservation and popular. Han dynasty to open the road, YuHanCheng offered book emperor river flat three years (26 years in BC), has been revised to medical LiZhuGuo waitresses were.

Han dynasty, the doctor's social status was improved, and the court often consult relevant summoned folk doctors, medicine and the curative effect, etc. For emperors to cure the disease doctor, often given to heavily. "(han) emperor wudi, medical, emperor wudi's sting to 20 million ears." (han shu outside biography), a thief. And as "(struck cloth, liu bang) for, and demonstrates illness blows what sprint LvHou meet, healing, make not cure,... hence, given how much owest CDC." the "gold (GaoDi discipline, han shu ").

(serial, to be continued)