Chinese history (han dynasty) (serial 24)

The second quarter health care, disease prevention and body protection

A, health care

Personal health: at least in the han dynasty in every 5 officials has formed a system to wash mu. According to the beginners XuJian record "load:" han law, collectors 5 foot, prophesy to rest, eshoo. "to wash mu also Han also have several records. Heng "on balance, the article", referring contemptuously, said: "the first foot to scale, wash the feet and scale, washing to hand dirty, bath to body scale, all to a form scale", and lead the recorded in detail bath book "mu book, visible to pay attention to personal hygiene was already quite seriously the bath.

Food hygiene: if the synopsis stressed: "shouts rice, fish, flesh, smelly overcoming difficulties are wounding" food, "has died, all plague epidemic disease is toxic, and not die, food". "On balance against the article", tired, said: "in Cardiff, donated rice rat without food". "Huai south son" cage, a glass of wine, white flies stains among them, PiFu don't taste ". "On balance) clear:" mouth food decaying, heart damage mouth evil, cholera vomiting "food poisoning the disease.

Environmental health: in water and sewage, trash, clear ErBian, sputum saliary department is obvious aspects of progress. To the han dynasty, not only settlers drilling and drinks, and troops stationed also wild "wear well but dare drink water" (han shu biography, Cardiff KuaiWuJiang interest). When the government regulations in a year in certain period to fire and water by stressing its meaning of prevention. Such as "the summer solstice, improvement of water by Wells drilled the winter solstice fire, can go to change dramatically WenBing." (the revision of han dynasty had described.

In exquisite water wholesome while, after joining the former dynasties in construction, laid for sewers, eliminate sewage and has greatly improved. QinDou xianyang and han are changan (now xian) are found in abundance cylindric and pentagon sewer, "three complementary HuangTu" load: "WeiYangGong have canal cabinet, made under respectively secretary, with Taoism, paddy stone if this royal ditch, because ge name......" At the beginning of han, reflects the sewer construction.

Ancient road, often dust float in the sky, environmental pollution, lead to the spread of disease. Han emperor zhongping three years (spirit, yi court to 186) except for days BiLan molten Paul toad "(man-made fountain) outside, still create" overturned "and" thirsty bird "to road spraying. "According to LiXian note, overturned in water", "a locomotive, thirsty bird" bent on gas cylinder, and "diversion of dao province people spill. Later, the cost MaJun also made" overturned, "" the artful hundredfold." in often

Many literature has a tendency to "toilet", "all toilet" records, such as "on the toilet and ju shi-ji ji an" (biography) "into all toilet", make feces had centralized management. Before qin specialist and artifacts, royal has ruler feces etc waste treatment. And as the vessels of sputum saliary collection, "salivary pot" to drop from han both written records, also have unearthed cultural relics. As for KongAnGuo waitresses, for dynasty palm royal salivary pot "(" peace or revision" volume of 219, cao cao waitresses in to offer the emperor of miscellaneous succoth, with "pure gold medal, paint salivary pot round four pieces, oil salivary pot with pure silver and a noble salivary pot" (" peace thirty pieces revision "volume 703 salivary pot), visible, salivary pot at that time is a common upper class society to use. In addition, the 147 years auspicious WuLiang have "flooding shrine stone carvings, vivid worm figure" record people an extermination insecticide scene.

Breathes, guiding, massage, take feed is still this period common health preservation methods. "There are bears in the" huai south son "by, birds out, Chi yufu swim, visual, tiger gu six guiding operation, or call" six birds play ", based on the previous hua tuo, creative services to a set of "wuqinxi", i.e., tiger, deer, bear, apes, birds play. And puts forward guiding fitness theory: "body to labor, but makes extremely ears, shake not anger away, while valley lifeblood flowing, disease may not born." Hubei jiangling ma3 excavated tombs of shanxi han early medical record the pulse book "and" guide book, all have guiding theory and specific methods described. Such as "the pulse book points out: husband a rolling stone gathers no moss, with its move, move is real four hits, and virtual (limb) five hidden (dirty), completely the deficiency is the county is already known right, in ancient books with" the earliest -eaten "and" creaking door hangs long on its hinges "analogy discusses the principle of human body must exercise. The guide book is that ancient guidance operation, some part of the BoHua with miu unearthed han guided drawing "action conform to, the more health body that these eternal from the warring states is very popular until han dynasty. "

Second, disease prevention

Qin han period, disease prevention measures mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, use sweet medicines and isolated hospital. Wear or burned incense medicine to prevent epidemics ancient has. With smoked grass sea classics such as "seven kinds of drugs, pelosi, already can acquire hapen)" (. Han dynasty, emperor side often buy some incense sticks medicine, this shi-ji gift book has also recorded. Miu unearthed han of no.1 peiwei, sweet pillow, its content is much by MaoXiang, cinnamon, Chinese prickly ash, ginger, DuHeng, indicates the Gao (farnesol-type), employed, dried ginger made such sweet medicine containing the sweet medicine, volatile aromatic. In addition to wear outside, still burn incense in indoor medication. Modern experimental research proof, the above aromatic drugs in gaseous conditions or burning, can achieve embalm the role of air disinfection of pathogenic bacteria or viruses, has the role of suppression and even kill.

"HouHanShu · XuDengChuan" load: "when they were BingLuan, epidemic disease," a big BingLuan hapen, often appear epidemic diseases after. At this point, the government also useful administrative measures, dispatched officials have sent medical outbreak, sending medicine, in the spread of infection control. Such as "HouHanShu" mentioned many times, "emperor of han spirit, the plague, the medicine" messenger pass through the scheme of things. The fact HouHanShu · cao biography also load: "sometimes disease epidemic, praised for the circuit disease ACTS, medicine,..., more be Jackie live".

Three, the corpse processing and anticorrosion technology development

About death the human body processing and prevent corruption technology development, the body has been available to explore in China for more than 3,000 years of history of civilization and highly developed. Its technology about:

1, with wine body bath the bath after death, China has always been the mortuary system is very exquisite, such as weeks more stringent royal system, specially the officials there is main sacrifice - the minor ", but also in the minor "with a special management under the wine-making, tulips, etc and specialized management with scented wine bath body. "At the age Fu except palm," (zhouli throughout bath, the witch volumes, spring ShiSanJing article 26 of the census, 833pp photocopy 1979). Zheng note: "measures, so walter corpse, which also,......", "the sweet beauty cedar throughout the body." with Japan In China for more than 2,000 years ago is body bath is attaches great importance, not only consciously achieve clean sanitation, and because of the special made wine bath, also not consciously reached corpses disinfection, bath and wine is of great significance for corrosion protection against cell, has certain value.

2, bed morgue consists of processing and anti-corrosion ice dish: the body after bath, in order to prevent corruption should visit already widely applied, zhou dynasty freezing the methods of handling: "gentleman how a grail made ice; the doctor put yi plate how..." ice maker According to the calculation process a monarch bodies with six cubic meters about the ice, nature would produce better anti corruption, prevent cell effect.

3, new clothes, is bound up bodies: the stranded, ": a dedicated ceremonies.from the coverlet, hat die, and system. "Lose big ji:" jun jin, doctor dunnest dunnest Zi stripe, then a garment. All the coverlet nine says, "ten struck ten have nine says is clothing for the dead put on the 19th clothes, the records also for miu by the woman corpse" no.1 han lingerie "letter to the embroider" the period of the "by cloud embroider" by that of 20 layer mian (hunan museum Ed proved: the no.1 of changsha, the cultural relic miu han, 1973), the press to keep the skin clean and prevent external factors to cause skin corruption also have certain effect, because these are subject to perfume "in 2000, and tightly wound disinfection".

4, perfume processing and bodies anticorrosive: our people using incense to eliminate pathogenic has a long history, "chu ci fill note" remember Hui ", "pelosi Hui is wearing peiwei pelosi. The "also have" chicken ceremonies.from GuanShu early Ming, salty,... all peja let smelly ". Let smelly, sweet thing also. ... The later is made. Du peiwei Tomb in the various excavation here were funeral objects for emperors fuming furnace is also the development of yishan system. Day two years (han), "99 years BC to GongRen plague, changan cuhk plague epidemic disease," burned monarch after the monthly fragrant gas, "house sick poor" have good reasons to think that the ancients martyrs lose with spices not just figure its smell drugs there, but accumulated fragrance to resist insects, to eliminate pathogenic quer-civorus and rich experience, and consciously or unconsciously become increasingly used to prevent corruption, mildew body measures taken.

5, mercury and arsenic and alcohol processing and bodies anticorrosive: China ancient application mercury, mercury in case body's records, even corruption than sweet medicine and next to corrosion, jade, gold. "(duke) und die, buried countries attract northwest, name. Wear soil is wellequipped facilities for piled high of sichuan loam.... rooms around more than 100zhang deep pool. Guo triple, for pool, pool pour mercury. Qin shi huang mausoleum wide sixty step" with mercury in for bacc the rivers, seas, machine tool, in astronomy, instilling a geographic "etc. Under

Miu woman corpse underground no.1 experience more than 2,000 han year, skin, organs, form, color is still very much intact. Jiangling phoenix man whose han though slightly less some, also be to pass more than 2,000 years and body visceral basic intact. To achieve that the main factors of anti-corrosion fixed effect has two: one for mercury processing, secondly, to soak. Miu 1 contains a large amount of sediment in the han coffins liquid mercury, ethanol and acetic acid sulfide, han no. 168 of jiangling them-the fluid, also contain a lot of sulfide mercury, namely DanSha etc, both of them are relatively large amounts of coffins liquid immersion. Coffin in liquid mercury in two bodies such as sulfide corrosion on the role of fixed is obvious, and this woman corpse and a man whose organizations and even hair all contains higher mercury, lead, etc and its source cannot ignore two life may take stone before. Inside the cell, hg, arsenic to living cells sedimentary will also play fixed function. The body so can save more than 2,000 years, and this not close relationship.

6, relative processing and bodies anticorrosive: death in the etiquette ZhuangLian relative from archaeological excavations, watch, early in the patriarchal clan social period began. The "account imperial coffin ceremonies.from, and want to quadruple in buffalo, female rhino leather as coffins were, one layer, the thick with paint three inch occlusion, close to six inches, this is a heavy, so just has the following effect," transportation black shine, did not enter the sword, and saw section of, is Si leather for coffin painted miscellaneous few inches thick, more than ten heavy accumulation, force cannot open ". Changsha han the coffin miu woman corpse with one of Guo 97:129-134 by mass density, the fir: coffin plate are the entire block, four layers coffin homogeneous close relative suits, except edge box gap between put incense drugs outside, also have here were funeral objects for emperors suits close relative wall thickness, one meter or so, total share timber for 50 cubic meters, one of the largest GuoMu amounted to 1,500 jins, paint is excellent, and can prevent the water wet and insects. This in the kind of preservative effect occupies an important position in.

7, grave and bodies corrosion

ZhunXi tomb, called to prevent bodies, one of the important link of corruption is also. Our spring and autumn and warring states to the funeral system during qin deep, very seriously and request do not leak breath. Such as "mozi dig deep of the land were..., no leak out in the". "Beth JiJing high county northeast have recently cemetery, open, down into someone... three zhangs, ShiFu down into one stick to dial, will have green gas soar, hope it such as ceramic smoke, have struggled to fall dead birds." he dare not into ". "Past", WuRui quiet male in the past are ancient tombs excavated deep and emphasized enough explains, the grave-goods and corpses to relative examples of protection. Miu hole for pits shu han no.1, from top to bottom chamber FengTu existing 20 meters. But third tomb 17.7 meters, although its deeply in conditions basic same, and preservative effect is very wide differences, no.3 MuZhu don't store, and han han no.1 MuZhu intact and its reason 3 three meters than 1: I'm afraid not han shallow relationships. Buried can basically even totally avoid atmospheric space adverse physical, chemical, and biological factors here were funeral objects for emperors and corpses of the relative, influence.

Guo wai Guo wai filling and filling: body, the grave-goods and relative protection directly related. About 600 years ago Guo in BC, no special requirements like surrounded filling. The twelve, zuo biography by public records: "SongWenGong jailer HouZang, with Shen, beginning." carbon KongYing amounted to "justice" lead with LiuXuan said: "Shen multiplexing carbon". Shen carbon, is a clam burned ash carbon clams. Ash and charcoal or calms two solutions. The wonderful indeology also recorded this for a fact. "Home" rich, was buried "thick,... problem of room, together JiShi relative attacks. Coke, number to ring outside its". Documented so, ancient and modern, and thus also discover enlightenment can be seen Guo to preserve these outside filler relative and maintain constant temperature and humidity in such as "the obvious function.

Filling ramming play: filling ramming play close or not, and whether such as preserved with relative has a certain relationship, and the filled soil can play close and rammed the filled soil texture is closely linked. Coarse sand play close together, also hard to ramming rammer harder to stop playing layer of inside and outside of the leak. But white (green) creams mud more exquisite, each ramming dozen layer is thin. Then ramming dozen also more intimately, blocking permeability purpose also more can achieve.

8, with bodies anticorrosive tomb gehenna

When not funeral tomb gehenna expected some time after burying just outside Guo tomb (open), filling layer from inside out some gas, encounters fire namely burning. Because such grave can muster a flame, people called the tomb, or called fire closely tunnel. When WangMang buried after YuanDi fu "change",... hair when yao, luoyang Chong to smell the smell stinky "lol. Again change buried die after dingtao altogether. CangZhong riggs fire from burning collectors and out hundreds of people". Discussing the phenomenon wang chong said: "smelly smell in heaven," was "much hidden food decaying, nobody can 29generations two hair caused anger" poisoned the death of luoyang lol, "not wonder". "The fire out the CangZhong", "the god of butyl after". "See, smell stinky" fire while ding, god of fu do "by mistake. Visible in the han dynasty, the formation of grave gehenna wang chong, have already given scientific explanation. According to the analysis, the combustion is probably the Guo room emitted by biogas generated by anaerobic bacteria caused such) biogas production of large Numbers of a mixture of gases, which may prevent the growth of microorganism, especially aerobes reproductive growth were soon stop. The typical food han miu no.1 fruit, steak, etc. Because without disinfects processing, in aerobic situations, and advance corruption naught because traditional woman corpse is sweet wine bath and the sweet fumigated. In aerobic cases of time, its skin organization can resist avoid is caused by microbial propagation corruption. But when the fruit, food, etc., fermentation oxygen more and more Guo room to oxygen or cause no oxygen basic environment, the process of decay, the woman corpse, which can stop, this becomes completely ended more than two-thousand woman corpse in spring and autumn and not the secret to decay.

Bodies anticorrosive in Chinese ancient reach high level, whether ancient records or archaeological excavations are fully demonstrated. For example:

Yuan jia (438 years) and chapter HuGuNu, open past, qingzhou king who nearbu pieces (open neat sac JiXiang press: male died in male 6.86 BC), and gold hooks in the rock, and naked corpses of peremptory.

"Min emperor built its 2002), cao (315 river hair scene male and guanzhong (press: guanzhong died in the past, buttons BC), Zeng silks and immortal body, the treasure can take JuWan".

"Quiet male (press: quiet male died in what BC 423 pieces, the door is high strong envied open all is stone evil. Pulling more than 100zhang is too deep, mica. Deep feet is more than 100 corpse, and have both in pillow, immortals, only men more than women, leah. Or lie, there is also made of fractal color not different. Clothes strangers".

"Soul HuangChu end (226 years), wu human hair WangWu Rachel (press: changsha WuRui died of 202 B.C.), more than 68 cubits wide pieces. With its material in SunJian made temple, LinXiang for clothes and body appearance, terri a let appearance as (such as raw, clothes immortal). Hair in ShouChun see na pieces WuGang yue, jun government WangWu which of morphology of changsha terri? But micro short ears, the outline QuRan yue: is the patriarch also. Since Rachel had to send more than four hundred years past, to see the outline and do more than 40 years. The outline, the xvi Samson, terri.

"Liu table (press: liu2 biao3 died in A.D. a.d.208 years) in the past GaoPingJun, form son unto the dao sifang Jane sweet medicines in a coffin, dozens of stone, Sue and a plague away save (BiBei, none) of incense in always fine in (310), county people HengXiFa its grave, table looks like birth, sweet smell dozens, fear can't make things." "City (xiangyang) biao3 Chinese tomb, two hundred steps in the south of a hair, see table couples, their carcasses, color is not different, peremptory. In the grave aroma like life far smell three, four in the months without rest, graves and judah. Today ancestress shake-up high show.

"Et al (258 ~ emperor 262 years), jiangling, take board governance dig rooms, a city in the past, backwardness, the stone is heavy pavilion, oh, atlas and opening and closing barnado turned around with TongShi high pay way, and copper casting a horse five feet long, few tenths. Break its coffin... someone," bright. Surface already gray applogized like strangers in the body, coffin through a white wall 30 school. Soldiers dead, to bring out the dead man in the past wall, a jade long ruler. Like wax gourd, from the dead DuoDe, two arms out, have ears and nasal gold like jujube, this is false things and immortal congregated bones the effect of ".

"JinYiXi nine years (in), pp.25-26 Biao rode stolen hair so part," bian pot (press: general, in part, "bian pot 327 AD was killed, taken profile coffin's face, pot, hands like born dead leah boxing, claw shengda back".

1972 miu excavated the bodies of the han no.1 "women, height 145 meters, the weight 34.3 kilograms, the contour maintain integrity, skin shallow brown yellow, moist and elastic."

"It not only preserved bodies in the shape of a complete, and internal organs, main lesion confirmed complete passable. Dural intact, scattered in brain broken limbs scum shape. Clearly, vascular structures within the abdominal wall and fascia distinct, adipose decompose, but though a fatty well preserved, as part of the fibrous connective tissue organ stents kept very good, and have the muscle tissue exist. In optical microscope, fibrous connective tissue predominant in the collagen fiber appearance, and complete, dyeing normal preserved the collagen the chemical composition of the electron microscope.... the observations with more consistent, bone and cartilage tissue preservation is better also, bone structure form approximate fresh bone.... these fine the microscopic structure of the body, the general in the process of protein corruption decomposition is easy to damage and disappear, and the changes in the flesh before they had obviously corruption soluble occur while the corpse still can save some of these fine microstructure, sufficient illustrate the quality is preserved bodies from very high levels. The longest and organization structure saved extent, this is the world body keep records of very rare".

1973 excavations of phoenix in the han no. 168 male body: "height 1.657 meters, weight, soaked in coffin venture kg for fluid, crimson red debris. Bodies shape save basic integrity.... systemic no hair, skin basic integrity.... muscle elastic, skull very strong, dural very complete and luster, dural vascular clearly visible, twelve to almost all angered nerve can identify. Encephalon still in weighing 9.7 grams, accounting for the entire four fifths of the cranial cavity viscera preservation is also very good. No bacteria.... a body cavity liquid, and may have certain bacteriostatic action".

From the foregoing, China's spring and autumn and warring states to deal with the body between qin has reached the world body anticorrosion technology that rare level.