Chinese history (three kingdoms in the northern

and southern dynasties) (jin serialize 33)

The fifth chapter three kingdoms in the northern and southern dynasties medicine jin

The incoming w throne in cao PI 220, when waste han wei self-reliance, amount offered emperor. A.D. 221, liu2 bei4 in chengdu proclaims oneself emperor, the amount "han" (the history said that "the shu" or "shu"), according to the upper Yangtze river region; 222 years sun quan2 in nanjing) says (today run in prince (229 mansion), according to the region south of the Yangtze river and its. Since then, the wei, shu and wu tripartite confrontation situation forming. For three years, destroyed shu wei 263 years in SiMaYan generation, 265 soul made jin dynasty), (collectors says destroyed wu jin, 280 years national returned unify. But dynasty dynasty for the central imperial sovereignty for xiahou-xuan king, "random" continues the eight to sixteen years scuffle, intensified rapidly concealed contradictions, quickly lead to northern minorities soldiers into central plains. Established in hsiungnu noble from 316 destroyed the regime has entered northern dynasty on, "five hu sixteen-member" before and after the war period, appear 20 independent regime. Until the 439 years xianbei regime in northern China northern unified, will be nearly 100 years of relative stability. 534 years DongWei and XiWei divided into northern wey, la DongWei beiqi and XiWei, north zhou dynasty in BeiZhou sui, 581. In the south, the Ya lakefront WangSiMa dynasty in 317 kang (nanjing) black in the mansion PianAn jiangnan regime, establish the eastern history says. The 420 years later after song (420 ~ 479 years), qi (479 ~ 502 years), liang (502 ~ 557 years), Chen (577 ~ 420-589) toward alternate four. The four toward the north with the northern wei dynasty to drop in confrontation, is for power in the northern and southern dynasties, until the 589 destroyed Chen, just again, sui end regime and help the return to the situation is unified.

From the eastern han dynasty last years to sui unified national nearly 400 years, China's social development process is one of the most tumultuous period, the period of all ethnic groups in China is a period of great fusion, promoted the economic and cultural exchanges. In the north and the upper Yangtze river region, a total of cao w and the shu han law WeiLv and formulated separately, pursuing the caocao system; Instead of xinjin dynasty made initial field system, class of royal officials field system and the limit to inhibit system, the field of land annexation, remedial war wounds and restore economic all have certain positive role. The northern wei dynasty change xianbei customs, clothing system, language, encourage and intermarried with han han, strengthen the joint rule showed. These reform the national fusion, quicken the process of all nationalities, and promote the feudal production, the economic recovery in northern and scientific and cultural development.

Eastern and southern dynasty, in the jiangnan region production have relatively rapid development. The northern dynasty beginning at the end of a war, forced exile to relative stability han farmers the jiangnan area, a total of 70 million. The northern advanced production tools and production technology was brought to the south, to spread the fire Nou no-till jiangnan water extensive cultivation status greatly changed. Gradually to increase, NiuGeng crop variety universally implemented, drought areas used for the north district kinds and intensive cultivation. At the same time, also built many irrigation project, created a variety of crop management, make the agricultural production standards increasing quickly, and drive the development of chiral industry, promoted the booming businesses, production and economic recovery, and promote the development of scientific and cultural development.

On ideology, with Buddhism and Taoism pop up various, han dynasty Confucianism situation is broken, start to appear Confucianism and Buddhism, and word write pattern in metaphysics popular.

At the end of the western han dynasty by Indian Buddhism from spreading into China, to the han dynasty, but has been the buddhist sutra translation is not much, in wei-jin period in western India and China, with monk to increase and buddhist temple built sutra translation, Buddhism spread quickly, with Indian medicine into China. In the northern and southern dynasties advocate vigorously Buddhism, then made buddhist temple, plastic figure of Buddha, Buddhism, spread the buddhist sutra formation of upsurge. That "recruit mention ZhiBi, pagodas, luo" bridging a large increase in the number and nuns. The buddhist doctrine will not blaming good preexistence reality pain, suffering, when people stand hopes on the afterlife, this thought was easily for the society in violence unrest is accepted by people, "karma", "the immortality of the soul", "iii metempsychosis" etc widely spread superstition of Buddhism moment, working people suffer, scholars and scholars also said Buddha talk about meditation for funny. This is largely dysfunctional people struggle against disease, wind down the will of the people, give the enthusiasm of innovative medicine bring harm medical development.

From our country folk, Taoist Taoist doctrine of the eastern and southern and northern dynasties period and rapid development of theory and religious organizations, forming a very influential power of religion, and its basic doctrine forever, also lies in the pursuit of ChenWei "preach" and "quiet nothing", etc viewpoint. These religious superstition and inertia of social and ideological, no doubt, are the development of medicine negative impact, but there were many doctrine with medical health related content, LianDan physician process has accumulated rich chemical and pharmaceutical knowledge, for Taoist books and related books store.

West han dynasty, the ruling classes, the confucianist theory the method because of Buddhism and Taoism period by the thriving very big impact, but still is the basic idea of feudal rule the pillar. By speak Confucian ethics and music system, etc, to have great influence on its eastern both after the need for rulers, and advocate of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and, three are big development, jiancheng write situation.

When XiaoYan in wudi (for coordination of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and ways relationship with Buddhism homologous said, trying to give priority to, supplemented by unified three mohism. He first xing Confucian classics, proponents of music, for the Confucius temple, made up for five museum, dr five; And daxing Buddhism, which built the buddhist temple of 700, personally, that speech in buddhist Buddhism in rapid development, at the same time, TaoHongJing any taoists spoiled with gold, cinnabar, given CengQing, XiongHuang etc, asking the refining panacea immortal, the Taoist in the southern coastal prevails throughout greatly. Then formed southern-northern dynasty Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and mutual DingShi complex situation.

The I ching, "laozi, zhuangzi are called" three mysterious "fusion of Confucianism, metaphysician names and" Taoist "" natural" for an organic whole, transforming them and play, called metaphysics, it is one of the most important this time of philosophy system. They self-reliant unconditional, talk "loftiness, XuanLi". His thought system is complex, a considerable portion of the philistines, stress, Bohemian served stone, LianDan, and in the process, to find and accumulate a lot of chemical change rules and experience from another side, the development of promoting medicine.

This period medical development have 3 characteristics:

(a) the masses and many physicians facing war over, social unrest, and national fusion cultural exchange, have more opportunities to heal injuries of the sufferings of practice, thus make rapid development of clinical medicine, all branches of the clinical experience enrich further. Diagnostic level was improved obviously, diagnosis and treatment are spectators, new creation and discovery. According to records, the advent of zhongjings prescriptions books during this period in nearly 200, internal medicine, surgery, orthopedics, women and families and various aspects of emergency treatment, all have great progress.

(2) diagnostics and acupuncture on basic theory and practice in the summary is arranged standardization, the former dynasties achievements, and on the basis of a significant development, jin WangShuHe by the chakras, the HuangFuMi jin, "between party a and party b the acupuncture by" and so on the work for its outstanding representative, and made profound influence to the future generations.

(3) materia medica have outstanding progress, this period of herbal works more than 70 species, the most influential is the northern and southern dynasties TaoHongJing guo BenCaoJing when previous generations, "he BenCaoXue achievements are summarized, and thoroughly sorting by the after hundreds of years of this new experiences, reference" famous doctors don't record "and his research into the book, not only the result of drug varieties increase exponentially, drug restrictions, such as shifu severely, dosage forms of weights, more important is to create a new materia classification method and far-reaching influence. Ray Xiao written by the treaty of "is the gun char is the earliest known drug cannon char monographs.

(4) in service, under the influence of metaphysics thought stone's wind, and to make dasheng LianDanShu developing rapidly, which caused many new diseases as the produce, and also promoted the development of materia medica, this is another significant characteristics of period medicine.

The first quarter of medical education and military system, health care

One, the medical system

(a) the physician system

The Three Kingdoms period, WeiCheng han dynasty, cure too much to physician system, Tanzania, lol, medicine long temple developto the prison, ganoderma lucidum garden prison who such official post. The revision of the taiping led by the preface of jade cabinet needle in wu's records, offsets cure too much to the medical system without exam.

Inherit han jin has cure too much order system level. According to records: copper ink to jin cure too much Shou, integration, and belonging to Pope is still developto, medicine long temple people of prison. The eastern jin dynasty, provincial Pope is too often, in the merger is affiliated with Pope GuanShu Li, change cure too much in door provinces. For all the things under waitresses, which is in the palm to cure too much make Li in offspring the waitresses began.

In the LiuSongYou "cure too much to physician, alone, lol Li roommaid one,". Qi has "cure too much make one person, lol, is one of leading" within department also. "ZiZhiTongJian" account neat have royal division. Beam have cure too much to one of two people, lol, door provinces. And there GuanShu prince of medicine hidden bureau set medicine hidden lol. The kingdom GuanShu, have festival d lol. ShuLi also have medical post counties. "The north history biography, yao monk walls and cure too much is carrying the asher. The fu yuan turtle "account book, still medicine job after liang, ChenRuLiang system due to cure too much concurrently.

North Korean physician, the northern wei dynasty have cure too much order of job, and too often. Door is medicine bureau, province has a shi royal division. "Taka's book of the volunteer, a cure too much Ph.D. (remember seven product below) and cure too much assistants (do) set up. Set a cure too much agency, beiqi order, President of lol cure too much, is too often. Prince has medicine hidden door lane, buy prison, bureau of the two people, waits heir medical four. Prince kingdom each buy two ceremonies medical lol. Waitresses in provinces having still pharmacopoeia of the Augustan; two people lol Door is medicine bureau, province buy two royal setting standard two waitresses, lol, who is forty, gilles developto the four people, holds the door in the provinces and provinces, there are doctors. Book province BeiZhou under a medical doctor, small cure too much under the doctor, small medical staff sergeant, ulcers medical staff sergeant, ulcers medical sergeant, ulcers medical corporal, medical staff sergeant, d is sergeant is medical is corporal, food, medical corporal, host medicine, all belong to TianGuan corporal. Lu medical staff sergeant, veterinary sergeant, veterinary corporal, all belong to the official, the summer is tasted, the four lower life is life.

By above knowable: this period before mechanisms are more central physician BeiZhou close, especially already subdivision, not only for the cure too much, veterinary other seven types, cent rank again, formed a top-down rating system. This on medical performance appraisal management and promote the business level enhancement, is advantageous. As for local medical administration, in addition to beam ShuLi also have a "counties outside the medical post" recorded, other did not know its detail.

(2) officer awarded remedies

The officer of the northern and southern dynasties, the LiuSongShi award remedies SongJianPing WangDian methods of 120 volumes, when the northern LiXiu prescription "110 volumes, the prescription of king show, all 35 volumes for clinical recipe books, reflects the progress of clinical medicine at that time.

Officer awarded by physician at present many emperors, organizations hosted many physicians, very tremendous collective compiled for many, and was written for medical summary, improving and promote a positive meaning. LiXiu "prescription" books in the northern wei dynasty tai years (A.D. 477 ~ 499 years) GaoZu civilization has not queen ", make to prepare for waitresses, how effective needle medicine, reward accumulate, car, house, take the first, set for the uniquely bachelor's and work in groups with more than 100 people, all of the prescription writes east more than 100 volumes, all line in the world." (WeiShou: "taka book LiXiuChuan", volume, 91, ten pages, Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to qianlong four years this reprint)

The prescription of king show was written in six century. "Taka book WangXianChuan" account: ", ShiZong (i.e., emperor wudi) fabricated show the prescription "thirty-five roll writes, class cloth world, take therapy; the disease" (sui book description, of the zuyongdiao 1996-2 issue "book" JiLiSi fathers after 100 roll "says writes this LiXiu (word for all fathers) after Keith, incorrect), WeiWuDi yongping three years (A.D. 510 years) letters said:" and in the square, and spread) in wide, should he difficult illness enhancements, prohibited. Make poor ticket YiGong, set the tyre, and found WuZai right, Jane essay, taking in more than thirty volumes, served for nine, counties class city, write, cloth to countryside with art of ears and deliver." (WeiShou: "taka book WangXianChuan" volume, 91, 11 pages, Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to qianlong reprint), this four years the two records, and asked what repair volume etc are written, should be one thing, consistent king show the prescription "for the party was circulated through administrative channels, the right for cloth city, township, counties to promote the development of clinical medicine and what the people's disease prevention and control is good.

In the WangDian SongJianPing LiuSongShi learning methods of deposit, plan, beam 120 volume fashion. (WeiShou: "taka book ShiZong jamie" volume, eight, Shanghai integrated book company, according to the four years of emperor qianlong in 1908, but fix reprint) lost years, liu writes situation, SongJianPing wanghong (fonts degrees 434 ~ 458 years) the only "died at his twenty-five years", (such as: the President mowgli, sui book, volume of volunteer three 1996-2 issue 14 pages, Shanghai thirty-four, integrated book company 1908 according to qianlong reprint), speculated that this four years for "tuk good book may ShenYao" song "(article offers four books WangHongChuan" volume, 72, two pages to three pages, Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to reprint) of the four years of emperor qianlong presided by collective intellectual fix wanghong, he might finish the 120 volumes of large paper recipe books written.

Second, medical education

(a) teacher and pupil initiate and family legend

Teacher and pupil initiate and generation, has always been a family of traditional Chinese medicine academic education ways. When WuPu kingdoms, o fan surgeon, such as li hua tuo is renowned medical the disciple.

The most famous family legend, south east way period. Singapore The medical industry, Singapore keep from famous. It can test slightly: impart lineage

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WenBo - male ways degrees -- - the van

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XuXi Jian (ChengBo)

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Uncle ring - heirs "

Xu was once summary shackled for the effective square, xu tortoise family writes handed effect square "10 volumes (press: of beiqi had sealing xu Yang county for the west to king, therefore calls XuWang). (LiBaiYao: the book of beiqi biography, xu, rolls only 33, Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to the emperor qianlong reprint), then four walls, such as famous doctor yao monk is famous for his fine cure that bodhicitta. Monk hit in 24 namely walls, which later became the karma when performed the northern and southern dynasties served as "far smell the transgressions of outland, LingHuDe:" weeks "(book · yao biography, roll monk walls 47, Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to qianlong four years the famous physicians this reprint). The son of monk walls can also become medical yao finally.

(2) official medical education production

Teacher and pupil initiate and family education mode, generation of medicine is individual impart way, make the medical talent quantity and technician far cannot meet the actual needs. With the medicine's development and progress, this time by the government began the medical education institutions held.

The tang six Canon "roll fourteen note records:" the chin, hand over medical children and aspirant, make ta department. SongYuanJia twenty years teaching to the QinChengZu, cure too much for medicine, with wide professor. To three years provinces." This shows early in the existing set of jin physician LiuSongYuan jia, workshops, twenty years (A.D. 443 years) education by the buy medicine is the earliest established medical education government clearly records. The northern wei dynasty tai reign (A.D. 477 years) in September, XiaoWenDi "fabricated YuTaiHua temple to princes" (law, ZhengQiao: the history HouWei XiaoWenDi discipline ", was twenty-eight years guangxu period (1902) Shanghai hong bao bookstores this), the good set "cure too much," "cure too much ta dr WeiShou:" w "(the book's volunteers,", Shanghai integrated book company 1908 according to qianlong four years of this system, may reprint) at this time. Since then, the government began to form a system of medical education held for medical education, sui era highly developed provided a foundation.

Three, health care

This period, personal health, diet and health, sanitation and preventive measure to have certain achievement, the health care will have significant progress.

Bath of our people are existed traditional custom, is one of the main measures personal hygiene. Since Buddhism was introduced into China is more common after. Bath is required before the buddhist temple, so do generally built "greenhouse" (the bathroom). Early in the eastern han AnShiGao just translation have all the "greenhouse bath monk through translation, later in the buddhist scriptures are recorded. After taking into QinShi as the ten recite the load, the law of "foreign bathroom, shaped like a circle round storehouse, open an account the smoke, abject volts, fertilizer, taught within three go out together and single-handedly pavilion,... who in temper, full triple pavilion, rise, heat and water in the cabinet, next cabinet water-cooling of plumbing cabinet with appropriate himself, with, no don't make soup, so cloud:" purification "ears." In "containing the", "o" monk venerate law book also persuaded the world hath multiplied greenhouse. The luoyang kuan load, remember "volume four northern ZhaoYiLing pokwong temple monks when hermit by eastern jin, built in the bathroom site meeting region famen temple also built in shaanxi province, but also opening to the bathroom. Such as "famen temple bathroom courtyard rainstorm blunt note only the bathroom is not alone in the wok drift didn't record" inscription eschews carrying: "temple east of the Zi corner have bathroom court... confuse gathers, every couple holy day and the bath in number." (ChenJingFu: "famen temple", dongxi press, 1988, P184), this site still save. In Buddhism, first is under the influence of the emperor to pious buddhist things Buddha, build the bathroom, some very luxurious. Such as "although record" load: "in ShiHu (295 ~ 349) jinhua latter between a tiger queen bathroom three, wandering Lu 檘 Cain, and since Mr. KeLou, carved in, tong wen meal, the bathroom" li "on the ditch water Chambers, lead, in the room LinChi injected with ShiChuang". And WangZiNian "record" load: "monograph ShiHu in tai chi before the house, and for ever-green bathroom. Wu Fu with yu stone, for the Banks, or by amber for handle is guiding the canal, summer extra-hot water thought pool. Pool are filled with gauze for capsule, 100 in water. YanBingZhi miscellaneous incense, and QuLong dozens of pieces, copper, each heavy dozens HuoSe, burn like jehoiachin cast in water, then pond, each yue 'Qiao constant LongWen pool". YinFeng WenJin steps which defects, entangles the self-stipulation bath, "discharge water... bath in palace." They describe and bath relevant filtered water and changing water, warm water appliances, sweet drugs than the previous generation, significant progress. The major book contains the bath that the "three volumes, then the attention of bath.

FuXuan about food hygiene, put forward "mouth" jin to make the JinRenMing mouth inscription ", see the taiping revision "volume 1266), think that diet immodesty can cause disease, this sentence gradually became spread 1000 years health proverb. Jin also invented used for cooking utensils. Water disinfection Jiangxi province unearthed in the grave of temporal jin "ears", is said to be improved.the filled afterward.not a cooking device, will soon ear cups in the ears of drowned in boiling water for ornamental clear bath instruments in disinfection, when mention ears, the waters through the bottom three holes all flow with it all, clean cup spoon, both for the convenience and health, can remove cup smeary, still can scoop kill bacteria. (cheng hua: 1,700 years ago disinfection appliance, cultural relic of heaven and earth, 1989 (2) : 48)

In environmental health, in the fine tradition, inheriting predecessors' attention street cleaning. As the major book WangJingZe biography, carrying: penalty to rogue acted as cleaners, "long street" Saul, some time, is making "old steal from generation". And beam generation hence Ann magistrate "LiuCheng for sex" clean sweep in county, GuoYi without horizontal stroke. Road, water cut grass worm shouts "(" south history of how biography, tong). JinRen experience conclude: "soil dry is born to wet, fleas is born" (zhang hua "museum mosquitoes volunteer") this is perhaps attention frequently, and using regenerative circle Saul YaoSha as worms theory basis. Jia sixie qimin yaoshu recording: "circle of Taiwan (livestock), don't make open sinus water, 2 except, don't make a dung shouts," no doubt this health measures are based on the theories of the above, which helps to improve environmental health, for human and livestock are of positive significance to the memory of the week BiAo builds curtilage the book "account:" the toilet maggots in ChunCai a, devotion, toilet in the tank, (maggots), no ". With books also pointed out: "ditches tong house clean, no 6, HuiQi, don't living plague disease." Visible when people have know to prevent disease environmental health significance.

Fourth, the development of preserve one's health

This period, famous hua tuo, JiLian regimen home theory, ge hong, preserve, tao hongjing... etc., and promote the practice and theoretical summary rapidly physician.

Ji kang's (223 ~ 262), word uncle night, qiao Zhi (now anhui province in 1941 kingdom southwest) person. One of the "bamboo QiXian", often accomplishment sex to take feed road, the "three volumes, the article" living already are. The collection of ji kang's handed down in the series "regimen theory", "a high-maintenance main theory", "a difficult curtilage no good or ill luck of special theses of habits, its health perservation aims to" clear xu jing Thai, little private oligonucleotide desire ", this is JiShi talk "metaphysics" thinking in the health of reflection.

In the scholar-officials in arms, the article "tree was summarized during the previous experience and methods, says health perservation without disease, should be in when the young began, and proposed" the health without hurting this "in that perspective, not hurt to raise, bring forward nearly 30" no ", such as "winter, summer temperature not desire very cool to poor", "not to eat very referring contemptuously, eat not to dullness", "not to sleep more", "eye on" etc, involving soon turns cold, diet should avoid, sit lie did aspects, aims to ease in daily life warned people not to injury prevention, attention body upright for health essential starting point, the so-called "keeps its gas so complete their body". The book also talked about dragon guide, tiger lead etc daoyin and strong teeth ", "bright eye", "astute ear" and "carry" womb "embryo interest, including method", "the paper Kennedy teeth in qigong history, it is the influence of later generations.

ShaoZhi gaoping (eastern theory in shandong, yutai northwest) fitness metaphysician. Have the "regimen to set" 10 volumes, "adds record of 12 (secret, all are. The medical heart square ", "peace" has its liancheng revision. He put forward the famous "regimen ten to" : "god, a yue increase two yue love gas, three yue keep form, four yue guidance, five yue words, six yue diet, seven yue atrioventricular, eight yue anti su2, nine yue medicine, ten yue taboo." In the life extension raises record ", "daughter of YaoFang later writings have qiang, treasured.

TaoHongJing was admired, learn the scholar-officials volunteer health. He collected DaiRuPeng progenitor, before HuZhao, sealing JunDa theory, such as the sayings, home health perservation, combined with his own experience paper, edit and into the "raises record" 2 (life extension, including dietary daily life, spiritual perturbation breeding, convinced cure disease, guiding massage, drug benefit, the content such as sushi that yao is not days, good health, and points out that the longevity of the law, but "health injuries", avoid by all means mughal pestilence, diet, atrioventricular etc excessive. Another of the "true cursive, also have drugs, guidance, massage etc, including" regimen xiechang period "article about the surface, wipe mesh, wan item, knock tooth, pharynx tianjin, (such as massage technique, the hair of other prominent easy for posterity, the house has inherited, continue living.

This period that Taoist qing pie classic "HuangTingJing" (including the HuangTing exteriors qing qing by "and HuangTing interior view GeJue by), in order to form the principle, uniting discussed health perservation is an important work of schools of Taoism. The exterior "advocates the" support the soul keep quiet contemplation without why nothing. ", journal of 2007 is introduced by keeping god save thinks, including static reactive methods such as religion and science phase doping, it also can say is a feature of the Taoist health, a book after popular with the praise highly of vilifying the living world.

(serial, to be continued)