Chinese history (three kingdoms in the northern and

southern dynasties) (serial jin 37)

The fourth quarter of the rich and development. Materia medica

A, BenCaoXue

Since the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked after its advent, medicine, has followed, resulting in pharmaceutical, make progress. Three times, many physicians for the book, research notes. To play, and continually add new varieties, make the drugs BenCaoXue content more rich. And experience about two centuries of jin time, different experience and their opinions vary, caused confusion. Drug aspects Objective to BenCaoXue situation needs another summary of the BenCaoJing guo, it is in the into this situation under the requirement of materia medica, become our country appear in the history of second milestone.

In addition, a famous and lee when two of them, WuPu herbal works.

1, "the compendium of materia" when lee

Lee when sanguo era of, of the disciple, liang hua tuo "seven record" load "lee BenCaoJing" a roll as you are early. Song YuXi lead HanBao litres, palm that lee when the repairs the shennong this the sutra. LiShiZhen thinks that this book is for the record ", its lee medicine WuPu, tao hongjing... etc., referring to the people in the book, "herbal quite inventions" cloud. But the book early, the later can't, so are rare in offspring influence.

2, the WuPu materia"

WuPu is the disciple, he hua tuo created for health hua tuo · wuqinxi exercise, is famous for its longevity, but mainly by the BenCaoXue have a certain achievement. According to beam "seven record" load, the book, six volumes, and song in the watershed YuXi palm patch note materia "sino-forest book of cite WuShi cross says:" GuangLing WuPu materia medica, who writes soul. WuShi department XiuShen hua tuo disciple, farmers materia, tang, a volunteer 441 whoever 1996-2 issue remaining within six volumes. Today, but with no wide leads according to see more zhuzi books.

According to a series of future generations, it WuPu materia liancheng book the medicinal narrative of materia XiangMing as palm is YuXi says "the medicinal cold-temperate tasty, said," most XiangXi for a drug in the book of previous generations often whom their different narrative medicinal drug, such as think DanSha, "shen nong Kennedy, huangdi bitter toxic, bian que who usually traveled everywhere, lee's big." suffering Ginseng, "shen nong Kennedy slight futong jun, tw bitter, emperor non-toxic, bian que who usually traveled everywhere rebate" poison." Lime-flower, then call "of emperor shen nong zinn, medical, and Ian, non-toxic, lee's big gedaliah bian que who usually traveled everywhere." ... As TaoHongJing "BenCaoJing guo points out, that was" more, lee when herbal scholars WuPu is one of more, ZhuMingZhe. Herbal works, or by the 440 blindly 590 per kilo, or tastes differ, 440 blindly namely "referred to in the compendium of materia." when lee By above knowable, "lee liancheng style as" has cited its herbal very many previous generations necessary material, saved many former generation precious pharmacy literature, is a compendium of materia assembly.

"WuPu materia" about the into in the twentieth century, YuShiDa three popular for hundreds of years, future generations have many ZiShu cited its content, such as the northern and southern dynasties jia sixie qimin yaoshu revised, tang yiwenleiju, "tang book category" also, six volumes with the book the bibliography. Until the peace was repaired gave revision ", still more clauses posted. Since then the book were not kept so that includes category, the introduction of "and" chongwen has see book bibliography, visible shortly after the founding, the song dynasty that are.

About the WuPu materia, according to the classification of ShangShi, thinks the book had wanted by six volumes, although divided into: jade, vegetation, insect, animal, jube fruit, vegetables, rice, and the like. But control of the TaoHongJing guo BenCaoJing criticism of their "grass stone is not divided, insect beast without bian" point of view, this classification with original intention not identical. Seems

3, "BenCaoJing guo"

For TaoHongJing. By Life times, BenCaoXue in dow book on BenCaoJing more, according to the "mentioned in the preface of mixing the have WuPu materia, lee when medicine record, CaiYao record, futong jun of tw medicine BenCaoXue, etc, these books, since the author environment of drugs is different, recorded content is different, and sometimes on the medicinal recorded contradictory, this state, especially for medicine BenCaoXue itself is adverse," guo BenCaoJing "is the author is to clear up this chaos, unified recognition and a book, just as the" sequence record "clearly points out: and there CaiYao futong jun and said that the China recorded foliaceous form a color; "The medicine, theory of" four volumes in the "must be. Since WuPu, lee wei and jin dynasty, more complex and losses as ninety-five, or, or, or, or 319 441 whoever Rou, heat and cold, expanded ChuanCuo mixed grass stone is not divided, insect beast, and without cause, each other have gain and loss, chief necessary for see, is not a shallow depth general wisdom. Today the scripture, struggled to grind bracts ensemble including vexed provinces... Pure crude all take, no after loses, the Zhen respectively, the district branch was... ". Indeed, the mixing of BenCaoJing through summary, make our country BenCaoXue entered a new era.

First, the guo BenCaoJing "almost include was used and understanding in society of the drug, the book contained drug 730 species, including the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked the original 365 kind, another and collect the other than by its contained various drugs used did kinds, namely 365 monographs book the famous doctors don't record", this is the most drugs for a summary of the northern and southern dynasties ago materia medica.

Secondly, the style of BenCaoJing guo, BenCaoXue works for our offspring, provides a basic model, this is the materia books into general part and points concerning parts. The book "sequence in record" of the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked the original ten more preface to conduct some explanation, and made further play. Although there were not enough courage to deny "by" the wrong or inadequate. Such as "this via" said: "irrigation for 120 kinds of main life to be king, non-toxic, for heaven for not hurt", and serve the BenCaoJing "is pointed out that" irrigation, guo both CDC also sent the yi, neither... disease life also and ""; There about drug compatibility, "the duan fujin's understandings the" think a gentleman, three minister, five carrizo, or a gentleman three minister nine carrizo; But "guo argues that" and inspection of world, also need not all tie-rods, medicine, generally speaking, life is much raise drug raises a gentleman, but much of the princes, healing is much carrizo. "medicine "BenCaoJing mixing in original basis" for the weighty and drug use, drug should be given attention first put forward that if component "use the appropriate, meet with illness, entry will be divided into two violations Chuan more..., soup, causing the soldier shot against play", pointing out that exposure leels bucephala the important significance of the dosage of for poison poison toxic, emphasizes the don't, strong or weak different size, more should double note, in order to avoid excessive and hurting yourself.

"BenCaoJing than the mixing of the" also the proposed many new content, including drugs, processing, all kinds of disease condition of general drug, medication taboo, drug metric, Fried matchs prescription, seven fear evil, etc. As pointed out the origin of the medicinal drugs for very great, think the relationship between faster route, a drug "Daniel, inferior the strength of nations", namely, emphasized the importance of tunnels medicinal materials. And CaiYao season, also points out that should seriously exquisite, so-called "spring NingYi early, NingYi late autumn, the China, but the real stem leaf ShouNian, with its early years, also has not all depend on this paper syncline, emphasized that" is used different plant medicine parts, picking, should according to time also different regions and decide, not rigid regulation. The weights about drug BenCaoJing guo, "" the more have specific provision, says:

"Ancient weighed only two, no points Zhu name, this criterion with ten Shu Zhu Zhu, six for a for a points, four into one or two, 16 two one kilo." Think "ancient scales are complex, today is also weigh. Jin south since the beginning of the han, weigh after this one kilo for 2 jins ears, a two 22 ears." Attention to the changes of different age quantity medicine. Miguel Bi ground for dao, such as the capacity are also specified standards, scattered: "all the YunGui medicine has one of Bi ground, very Wu son, be like the Bi. Big also, equanimity, copy Bi square inch spread, take whereabouts for degrees. Money Bi, today the five weight money, edge of the five words to copy, also make not fall for degrees. A pinch, who four sword. Ten pinch miguel for a spoon, ten spoon into a close, in order to medicine litres of act, refers to any medicine has unionizing weight, not use weight, criterion with wine, medicine, ground of the rise and under an inch diameter size, six points, eight, deep within, are scattered, not case inhibition to budge level." Samuel Such exhaustive accurate measure standard, is the first record of the BenCaoJing guo.

The feared for drug compatibility BenCaoJing taboos, the evil of the mixing of the "do this much of play, think" case with, and though the indications of more to Richard feud, with... its phase into that, don't must, in similar. Like and soup, adjustable food fish, Onions, drums, if appropriate, somewhat in the dispersing pertains also." Them also listed sprouting with ginger, prevent has more than a "for decades such as asarum, make examples of" Chinese compatibility between the compatibility of the further, some experiences and have a point, such as application confirmed with ginger sprouting in minus the poison of, still in application.

"BenCaoJing guo" drug classification and induction is creative. The author pointed out: "this all thumbs by, grind the bracts ensemble including vexed provinces, with shennong mainly by fits this expanded into famous doctors, and 365 FuPin also 365, the whole 730 kind of pure crude are. Take, no after loses; the Zhen respectively, the district branch was..." That is to say, this is the kind of medicine 730 according to the classification of the original natural attributes to drugs. These categories, the author points in seven parts, including the jade (total), plants (71), were 299 beast birds, insects, fish (a), fruits &vegetables 114 (56 kinds), MiGu (28) and famous unused (an hundred and ten seven), the "than" the classification of expanded is a big improvement.

"BenCaoJing guo" also created a "general medicine" the disease of drug classification method, i.e. according to different diseases and disease and syndrome, all kinds of drugs with a cure is baconian in, for example: jaundice under a card, and its branches are gall under mosses and anti-freckle, white under four, lodge food BaDou, a rhubarb, Ci away and piao hu, balloonflower, magnolia officinalis, hard, curve sprouts, betel chewing, treat the wind general have windbreak, prevent yourself, qin pepper, alone, the record live encyclopedia of disease and syndrome, and have the solution 89-82 snake poison, centipede, more than 40 kinds of dog toxicity drug intoxications, etc.

Finally, the BenCaoJing guo "creative adopted rather chic ZhuMo writing ways to difference" this via "and" don't record "two parts different scriptures, and using the same method, in the disease general medicine section, with ZhuMo two different colors to write in types, respectively, says the drugs, as his hot properties of recorded in sequence said in:" all indications, only hot and cold medicine must be bright, today for hot, ink since some points to cold, no caller was flat in vexed note by the province." Make the person be clear at a glance, and is easy to grasp.

"BenCaoJing guo" original book early qing dynasty in China are in turpan, once this book, as fragments unearthed a 28.5 x 27 cm in the fragments, carrying only yan excrement, days Yan (rat rat excrement, springs) three drugs and dolphin rat part of the ZhuWen eggs; This is hidden in the original SiNian Prussian academy, million from Japanese YiZai this fragment was the situation, and appeared in the CongKao tang dynasty literature in his book (1947). The LuoFuYi XiChui ancient FangJi books as well as a great many assembly "(1952) also had this copy. The dunhuang grottoes has been unearthed BenCaoJing guo, as well as a great many for its sequence of recorded parts. This volume participated in by group of league bookstore in 1955, and now the original copy publishing, whereabouts unknown in London said the museum in Japan, have said; Because the original all fall into abroad, unearthed therefore fragments as well as a great many treasured, for us to understand the content of the book, extremely valuable collection, at present there is no complete available.

This period in the history of ancient BenCaoXue a boom. Here we although only introduces the above three works, but according to the sui book of records, the volunteer 1996-2 issue; This period of materia works a lot, include 25 kinds of about 100 volumes.

Second, processing learn

Refers to the processing manufacture, Chinese to improve drug effect, reduce or eliminate toxic purpose, early in traditional Chinese medicine, the original application processing processing is inevitable. Such as "spirit, the article" evil guest barnado in ShuMi soup, carrying the sprouting sprouting used in ZhangZhongJing char, is sprouting in treatise on febrile disease and synopsis of prescriptions of the drug used, many are through various methods processing. If (father) tsui mouth, blanched, guns pointed, roasted liquorice aconite, ginger, wine penetration rhubarb char Meng worm to foot cortex magnoliae officinalis, wings, etc. Suitable to the northern and southern dynasties, jin of drug guns fertilizer, has accumulated a lot of experience. For example the cubits square "" to backup nasty char fire" powder and make ripe, boil gedaliah TingLi, wine stains beaten stone japonica rice, joint antlers take turbidity juice... Wait, "guo BenCaoJing have a principle of the opinion, be like Yin dry, dry, honey aerating char, water, to section, thin slice, blow cut beat etc, are mentioned on the various forms including powder, pill, soup wine agent, ointment in matters of attention in the preparation process, JianYao process, preparation, slices sieve, stripping... All somewhat, the other cook, covering decoct, boil, to wood heart, to remove the pulp, heart, skin of mouth father) tsui (and fine cutting, thin slice, hammer broken, pounds, scrape scraps various processing technology. Product processing is this period dacheng, the existence of a monograph of tw gun, the author ray of char Xiao. The time was about the book, is normally tend to book for liu song during.

According to the theory of "ZiXu char tw gun," said its pharmaceutical cannon and cook for fertilizer, cannot charge exergue zai... one not amount recorded gun, till the short-sighted cook for fertilizer, listed on the square, divided into medicine system, which has three volumes, three hundred a name." Emphasize "cannon and cook for the importance of char" in pharmaceutical, because book, and its content is later lost books such as "the catalogue by later history of materia medica of materia medica for issuing", the rush of materia medica, each carrying on the work of the drug and 254 234 the processing content. Yu ji, ShangZhiJun are approachable, according to the ZiXu liancheng mechanochemical shown and restoring thirdly roll style, sufficient for reference.

According to the theory of "tw gun the main content of char, is listed the various drugs for specific methods of processing did, but with some drugs in ZiXu principles such as did have" whoever fits with honey, repair the pills were pleasant Xing only with only honey, Xing with sugar, sugar, not only with shortlived." Say again: "whoever fix things together, the drugs must attentively, a first, or not make mixed, or boil boil boil after first, and shall not change after moving, boil a timid is in accordance with." That was in production of medicines strictly operational requirements. Book pay special attention to drug authenticity identification methods, requirements, in drug use carefully identify authenticity, due to the different varieties, misuse and influence, cite loved and curative effect of aconite, can understand its take a serious of identify. Books, says a medicine has proved "monkshood, beak, days uriah son, and the lateral, wooden turtle son. Monkshood few stem seedlings, long body pitch-black, few alongside beak pointed leather lordy, uzziah; the soybean xu WuTie, unsuited... black like ZhongBao wenwu fire ruffled, namely to split with; days male body break all the short, no PiCang color namely is pointed.... Days after the appropriate cannon, ruffled peel, lateral son just pointed... a little star waterfront aconite, such as the ZaoHe aconite, proper living use.... Wood turtle son not medicine." This not only to a different species of drug proved the ideology of the identification, processing description, also mentioned the wooden turtle son medicinal history.

In this drug identification encyclopedia, put forward a lot of materials, such as yellow fine and hook kiss, grey torres and junfen ma days, etc. The theory of "although char tw cannon with hundreds of years ago in a thousand into, but its unacknowledged of drug processing process and requirements, the majority is accord with scientific reason and requirements, such as the requirement of processing, BaDou break it with sesame oil," cook and wine, and beans, inquiry with "anointed. After Through such treatment, one of the effective ingredients and soybean oil soluble in sesame oil, then after heating boiled, then oilsand toxic protein produces denaturation, such, BaDou toxicity is greatly reduced. The processing of rhubarb, book: "thin slice, nevin (Burma) water spin spot tight peg-intron., third step from steam, meshach, (day to not do", so,) of anthraquinone glucoside heated destruction, facilitate storage, in a word, although the book's contents, is still some experience, but this is a long time in ancient people drug process concluded valuable experience, not subjective imagine casual records, for thousands of years experienced long test, some processing methods in the application still until today.

Because of this book, there has been some earlier generations are people LiZhongZi album JiYi work, such as "gun in 1932 char, theory of ji album, the theory of" tw processing ShangZhiJun album "treaty approachable char theory", listening to gun recorded all less than 300 kinds of liancheng, but only from the album, the material that the drug processing cannon was already very rich content of char.

In short the theory of "char tw gun in ancient China a more complete processing monographs on later generations, has a very important impact on guns, Ming and qing dynasties many monographs, are roasted in under the influence of the book with success.

During this period, has contributed in materia medica the important role. BenCaoXue, gun from the perspective, char learn BenCaoXue in compile style, content and specific methods in compiling thought until, has its own originality.

Note: for the treaty in the theory of "gun char sanyan derision and author, there are various opinions, such as SuSong considered sui dynasty make, another said to another in song dynasty, in fifth, and as a storyteller liu song writing another say, with many people agree with you.

According to the above drug processing, has a very long history, with the steady accumulation of medicine experience, people in this knowledge increasingly rich. Technology also enhances unceasingly, in the BenCaoJing guo "mentioned in the gun, you have been char technology is more, but because it is a comprehensive materia, it did not discussed char chapters gun. According to "sui book contained, of the zuyongdiao scripture thunder," guo "four volumes, herbal extracts the sui QingRen YaoZhenZong integrating volunteers, and holds the textual research of materia medica of tw is that the" tw guo SuSong char according to theory of gun that ray Xiao is put forward, also not sui persuasive argument. According to Bian, in the ZhaoXi song after reading of the zuyongdiao county in jaipur, said: "three volumes, char tw gun Xiao ancient song: ray writes HuZhi heavy decide, Assyria and cook for harmonic taste hundreds of gun square." char "Reading ChaoGongWu volunteer" have the same LiShiZhen accounts: "the theory of" the treaty LiuSongShi ray gun Xiao char when the treaty, the yellow emperor. Security is kept within investigate claims, or palace name also RAMS. HuQia lay heavy add set of... "HuDaoQia, formerly named. HuQia after HuQia avoided and instead because of LiuSongRen, when north Korea, therefore, the theory of" char in tw cannon at this time, the book is possible to weight and believable. More important is objective and the development of the situation, also is the need of clinical medicine, on the drug quality requirements of the increasing, need to have clear quality requirements, the urgent need of processing, on the other hand, gradually standardized TCM firing technology and the development of academic aspects to this period has reached a certain height, there may conduct a "view its books, but the drug after tang dynasty, ye have with ered or the posterity add? "It is entirely possible, is understandable, approachable in the China medical FanHang must ShiLve," a book that book, in many times RuBo "word, mention the" after its foot card should be the five dynasties, it works also likely added for posterity. Based on the views of the book, we still as this period work to narrative.

(serial, to be continued)