Chinese history (three kingdoms in the northern and

southern dynasties) (jin serialize 38)

Section 5 LianDan stone and serve

In ancient China LianDanShu is a kind of special for each situation, its purpose is to through certain natural ores or metal refined, with "god Dan" or artificially, silver etc, and elixir "JinDan art" alchemy, "" said. Operation huangbai

LianDanShu and not the ancients pursue forever first means. Ancient China flourished intraoperative variety of longevity, take feed, and do the gas, room is one of the most important three end. LianDanShu take feed activity is invented.

The so-called "take food," not choose food to treat disease, but to through the internal medicine, in order to prolong life, even forever. Animals and plants, minerals, there are selected in the elixir and take feed home, however, it seemed, the strongest, the most reliable function of long effect of crude is natural and artificial inscriptions "JinDan big medicine refined" and especially attention LianDan stone and serve.

Take the significant difference between the stones, and LianDan, on clothing is a medicine, a natural mineral mineral artificially refined products is in concept, though not equate both on, but there is a close relation. This not only lies in the two methods, purpose and ups process to have basic consistency, more important is LianDanShu is produced in the work based on the stone, "LianDan" original meaning is LianDan sand, and served DanSha is the preferred drugs stone. DanSha undoubtedly take feed natural stone, and refine belongs to serve DanSha activity served emergence also marked the LianDanShu origins. Of course, the early LianDanShu and later different, because LianDan technology and equipment have been in constant development and improvement, "LianDan" meaning is also not just LianDan sand.

ShiFa served with a stone

Ore began when for medicine, now it has been difficult to know with certainty, but from the diagnosis of ChunYuYi cadastral view, bian que who usually traveled everywhere have "Yin stone to cure YangShi to cure diseases, Yin Yang disease" theory, ChunYuYi lead of ancient "theory", "has Sou, cannot serve hot five stone" warning (sima qian shiji roll a O five bian que who usually traveled everywhere. See "the storehouse male preach twenty-five history" 311 page Shanghai ancient books press, 1986), Shanghai bookstore that spring and autumn and warring states period, people took ShiYao has quite common.

The ancients first taking ShiYao purpose is already cannot heal or preserve one's health, making definitive judgment, so that the recording shortage as the basis of originating period take stone, when the literary works in chu ci, had "climb on the YuYing, and food warehouse xi xi xi heaven and earth than longevity, and sun xi qu yuan's" last "(see zhu xi in jiang" chu of the mixing on p. 79 Shanghai ancient books press 1979), etc, we can think of this verse language reflects the warring states period, take stone activities. Miu copied the health of unearthed han record on the side "ouzhi mica" with wheat for pills as cadastral 6g, suit "big" (to life elixir excavated at mawangdui finishing group "excavated at mawangdui (loses) article 118 pages first edition Beijing: cultural relic press 1985). Accordingly, we have really served before qin stone activities.

Qin shihuang had repeatedly sent people seek immortality medicine. Pursuit of immortality and meal jade emperor, had "made fairy dropping by GaoLou" (palm ChenDao bearing the three "volume WeiZhiWei gone.love Ji preach: 21; the word of the west-han letter" fairy, when the dew to king table, so set meal jade crumbs GaoLou "immortal palms to cap: see the history of 25 1139 pages). The first also dispatched thousands of messengers. QinHuang for penglai immortals heroinaddicts zhi west-han asked, and caused serious influence in society." Food drink bead ", "golden jade" serve dinner stone activities, gradually prevailed in the world. During the western han period there have been various mineral was chosen for long, people not only his crude feed themselves, but also as a commodity trading. The root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked basically summarizes the achievements of han dynasty, pharmaceutical before DanSha, book the ShiDan, lime-flower, CengQing, yu surplus, baishi Britain, purple quartz, 5color stone fat, etc ShiYao, 18 species are listed in "so yiqi, old medicine of the top extend". To a certain extent, reflected the specific contents of the han dynasty stone, serve for our understanding of han dynasty provides certain served stone help.

Of the six dynasties period while also take 100 activities involving various mineral drugs, but its most prominent feature is the wind scattered the popularity of service. The so-called "scattered" refers to serve as food served "scattered". "The name of scattered" food from the quarter after taking the drug, whoever suit method degree shall be cold drinks, food, the summer, cold lie interest, therefore, have come to call "food" and "people scattered scattered" is not a particular refers to a formula, but the general term prescriptions.

"Cold," by the source of scattered, dating back to the eastern han dynasty. The earliest marked "appropriate cold food" interest "scattered" and the first HouShi black people to keep shout "scattered" purple stone, people first, "carried in" typhoid miscellaneous diseases of "(han · zhang swollen scene of" synopsis of party, 17th, 58 pages. People's medical publishing house HuangFuMi photocopy 1956), so that people from the second side grass stone zhongjing "conclusion (sui · nest yuan square the theory of" roll the pathogenic wait six article 33-35 pages, people's medical publishing house photocopy 1955). In ZhongJingFang in wei-jin period, the basis of, and derived the "five ShiGengSheng scattered" and "five stone protect life scattered", "three stone kidney pill", "scattered", "yechulun jin kidney shot five stone", "three stone kidney pill" and so on many kinds of herbal prescriptions, these though have been deemed "big medicine", "irrigation," taking, but one of the most famous is the "five ShiGengSheng scattered" and "five stone protect life, so people scattered" scattered ", and "five stone scattered" has become almost identical concepts.

But, more people for dryness in scattered "medicine, fierce virulent poisoning can cause serious problems, become born. Such as cold when make, local pain, body hair sore carbuncle urinary, XiaoHuaXi or new, neuropsychiatric symptoms. These symptoms repeated attacks, prolonged fuyu, killed what is disabled. Serve in scattered poisoning several in added new content, the doctors gave full attention, called out, "when people in research, prevention, and treatment of scholar-officials QinChengZu, HuangFuMi, cao, increased, tao hong ChenYanZhi flyover, etc, have related elaboration retained in" the pathogenic hou theory ", "the secret to Taiwan", the heart of medical in the medical literature square, including the HuangFuMi food with the most representative scattered theory ".

HuangFuMi once served on ACTS scattered, sending out the modulation and after their service, so how come he consult scattered playmaker treatment method. JiangXing patients who had had a "medicine trapped by HuangFuMi treatment, rejects" live, was out of service TaiShou scattered LiuTai heard launched after pingyang sent messengers ask save method. HuangFuMi "phrase already, but not kicking back; the Kings, and only with the element materia medica. Exams, and found the story of ask more, and that which is made, gas tied for of all this, comments beneath it, set and the." (nest yuan square the theory of "roll the pathogenic wait six on page 31 of the photocopy 1955). People's medical publishing house, this is the so-called" scattered theory of food. The theory of "roll the pathogenic wait six people send out HuangFuMiYun syndrome" experience ", "the theory of" food & the main content of scattered.

HuangFuMi think, causing the cause, send out enough lies mainly in clothing, it lost its section degrees that first given strict interest section degree method. He points out that serve to wash it in cold water scattered chastened limbs, stay medicine did, the strip cold water after a bath, often when summer food, cold drink, and cold lie; Often drink make body whose smoked smoked; Still must feel boring, such as walking, jumping chung, labor output, etc. These methods may have certain detoxification and detoxification role, in the later physicians have medicine and other ShiYao poisoning Dan the prevention and relief.

Of course, the six dynasties, and save more than HuangFuMi scattered syndrome is a method. As word of the "flyover b.method of dissolved for party, creates the drug" relative ", "phase move" theory that the ShiYao five stone scattered with square medium herbs relatively respectively, due to the relatively drugs can mutual launch, leading to different sends out symptoms. Such as: "clock milk to art, and to cover for wine, its main lung in the head, chest, art, chest cold breasts moving clock DuanQi; clock milk dynamic technique, the headache mesh hurts." (sui · nest yuan square the theory of "roll the pathogenic wait six page 32 photocopy 1955). People's medical publishing house, so, he put out with drugs, viscera specific symptoms and treatment to link is starting from the corresponding viscera, obviously, and HuangFuMi" six anti ", "seven urgent", "not", "three eight undoubtedly" is quite different. The dissolution of the theory to the cure of square ", although be sun simiao income "daughter YaoFang" volume 20 4, but in which jin but not for physicians, the sketch square "esteem to the cure is pointed out that" not only provides "HuangFuMi section of credulous from law degree. (sui · nest yuan square the theory of "roll the pathogenic wait six people's medical publishing house page 33 photocopy 1955)

HuangFuMi service treatment of scattered section degrees method measures though accepted by people, but its actual effect greatly suspicious, namely to his own evaluation, also but BaoZu day "interpretation, and can't" just "the end Juan this entity, no teeth without suffering from", so take launched, prolonged unceasingly, scattered, disabling the heal invalid who wished to die.

Take the motivation, pop and scattered decline: many people think "five stone scattered" is just a room with large Chinese herbal medicines, this view of one-sided sex, comprehensive ancient sources are further analysis, will find clothing roughly three aspects scattered purpose, with primary and secondary sequence, is filling empty, longevity, enhance sexual function.

The food HuangFuMi scattered theory "is scattered can be based on the investigation of the earliest served literature, he said:" ethical ya-men sound lewd, extend, slack, take drug heart beginning with cheerful, physical turn is strong, XiRan, shi to photograph matriculating feedback, calendar years of age is not trapped, toward the end. "and (sui · nest yuan square the theory of "roll the pathogenic wait six page 33 photocopy Beijing: people's medical publishing house 1955), obviously, people start scattered" was used to fill empty, also strong agent of the edition, later, as a senior for medicine for strong body, rule all ills. YuJiaXi listing the 50 in the six royal after scattered cases said: "when the XiRan scholar-bureaucrats. Song from the song dynasty doctors is still (the" too ichigo, life of food has scattered stone are), the more promotions to cure the disease since all of the northern and southern dynasties remarked, thus, seeking to take the bait, a few into custom, the disease is ministry or protect life? Thought for scattered disease-free does not treat, and long service. "is also can be phoenix (YuJiaXi the scattered exam "see" the food YuJiaXi theory with "the 210 pages XueZa first edition Beijing: 833pp 1963), as YuShi said, take" scattered "food another purpose is to prolong life. QinChengZu said: "husband GuShi medicine, food made of ying hua, though the leader of party, soar yunfei bone, practice not reinforced easy pulp, as for life, no auxiliary child with let". (the heart square "volume medical 19th article 4.52 pages, photocopy Beijing: people's medical publishing house 1955)," a thousand square JinYiFang "" d heart" and many other think, bears make the weak regeneration drugs, when can prolong the, so disease-free served "more people desire to prolong life scattered.

Sun simiao said: "there is greed, for the five baited the joy of stone houses" (Donald for urgent daughter YaoFang the sun simiao, volume one page 2, 1998, Beijing: people's medical publishing house 1982), predictably, "scattered" food as room really been Chinese medicine.

The transformation, but also wei morality is in vogue take scattered the important conditions. Cao, people began to publicize beginning years with rational view all judges and critical in the past, "members" and "natural" relations become the important topic the metaphysician, at the end of the "bi", was principal and interest of fostering the simple people emphasize emotional and nature are more clearly, ji kang's proposed "the more members for any natural" claim. Under the influence of the metaphysics theory, people began to emphasize a person's real feelings, natural sex and personality, to a certain extent, get rid of the members of the shackles of fame and wealth from the bondage, and old moral inhibited by got some degree of liberation. People can send out "for" refused the order, also can drinking blue. Take the various dissolute behavior after scattered, are not deemed to violate moral GuiFan criticized in han dynasty era, it is unthinkable.

Take scattered about 300 years is in vogue began to decline, the basic reason lies in "KuLie medicinal food," scattered "cutting", serve to difficult scattered caused a series of special disease caused social alert. The tang dynasty "five stone scattered" serve the people already did not see more, a stalactite, baishi Britain, served as purple quartz, take stone adds physical shows a twist. History

Second, LianDanShu and pharmaceutical chemistry

(a) the rise and LianDanShu ideological basis

At the LianDanShu produced no later than the qin. Concerned expert for miu study of no.1 tomb body discovered in body tissue results showed that lead, mercuric content were higher than normal dozens of times to hundreds of times, according to mercury compound within the organization structure and coffins of lead compounds in different liquid, and lead, mercury in every organ distribution is extremely uniform selective accumulation phenomenon, ruled out body is composed of high quantity lead mercury into the skin of them-the liquid chance; Another body with plenty of small intestine mercury material residues, so the researchers think: "oral medicine maybe like magic inside body discovered the main source of lead mercury." The changsha (hunan medical school, miu no.1 tomb 224 pages study of body discovered the first MuZhuRen 1980), cultural relic press buried YuHanWen emperor early years ($168 years BC), which shows that during the early han someone already tried LianDanShu served "magic", the actual start time shall be earlier.

LianDanShu produce in han dynasty, after developing very quickly, not only have a lot of the scribes LianDan activities, and appear in special LianDan writings. According to ChenGuoFu's research, the existing "is too pure gold liquid by", "yellow emperor clouded by keeping god Dan", the golden liquid god exactly by ", all Dan before zhou yi can tong qi of han dynasty release of "LianDan monographs. (ChenGuoFu "the way the scripture-stored" sino-foreign Dan huangbai by tactic was born dynasty test method, "see ZhaoKuangHua (Ed.), the study in the history of ancient Chinese chemistry of Beijing university press, 1985), east han" Yang zhou yi can tong qi "first put easily connected LianDan Daniel and, from philosophy to the height of LianDan home summarizes and summarize experience, it's considered the oldest LianDan theory works. (" China encyclopedia · chemical "the 1236 page China encyclopedia press 1989)

The development of the han dynasty, back to LianDanShu was laid the era of herbal works itch. The root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked DanSha can record the ShiDan can be changed into mercury: iron copper specie; Empty green can turn the copper iron lead tin for gold; CengQing can turn the gold copper; ShiLiu iron wondrous item HuangNengHua gold; Mercury can kill tin gold melt and also after for poison, Dan, all of these are LianDan home through the practice of income recognition.

In the han dynasty LianDanShu rise, has its certain ideological basis, except by inevitably to the influence of yin-yang &five elements outside, and ideological theory, property immortals mutual permeability consciousness and bodies eternal faith also closely related.

Ancient Chinese undead concept and despised the earth, the surreal life rich imagination, combining the warring states period to period produced the immortals thought, to further dynasties formed a complete fairy doctrine. The article "arms within led the tree by" yue, "immortal, staff sergeant heave shape liters of fairy;" virtual "swim in nature, sergeant land fairy; corporal successively exuviate, is known as the corpse XieXian." (jin, within the scholar-officials holding tastes of fairy "volume, article 2 see wang Ming" embrace and JiaoShi "the fruit under article 20 pages of l985), 833pp third-class fairy of the doctrine of the faith, make people not piety who served stone bait Dan understanding to the deaths of ordinary people, and considered as" corpse solution became one of the immortals, such not only can't accept previous lessons, instead of toxic killed more firmness immortality faith. The theory of corpses solution in the han dynasty was immortal by materialism theorists such as wang chong critical, but as the important LianDan activities take stone ideological basis, this theory have not been abandoned, LiShaoJun, fee scholar-officials still think changes, lee meaning of death, date, it is immortal body, and thereby exaggerates solution immortals doctrine.

LianDanShu earliest LianDan sand from the start, may and the ancients is red beliefs about, but more important reason or DanSha can make body immortal faith. Someone once proof, organize the content of the mercury in the corruption of the increased can delay organization. (ChenKangYi SiTi phenomenon (4), inside the KeXueBao 2; 162; 1951), the ancients often put DanSha into the tomb, main purpose may be make body was kept as long. In addition, DanSha under special attention, also because it has the characteristics of each other with mercury, a chemical properties was found, not only enhanced the mysteries of the DanSha, also make the mercury status greatly improved. Shi-ji qin shihuang this discipline "account, beginning in Christ" with mercury for bacc the rivers the sea." (han · sima qian shiji roll six qin shihuang jamie see "the history of 25 on page 31 of the former lead), with version of this century in the early 1980s, someone once exploration geochemistry twice the mercury measurement technology, applied to emperor qinshihuang 125900 square meters, which results in the mausoleum FengTu range, found a 12000 square meters of strong mercury anomaly area, shiji's records, thus getting preliminary confirmed. (ChangYong, lee with emperor qinshihuang buried in the preliminary describe mercury archaeological 190 (7); 659 the 1983), arms, "said:" gold laid in nine qiao, mercury is eternal, conditions for the dead take feed the?" (LiShiZhen quote from Ming · first compendium of materia medica. People's medical publishing house points on page 523 school-based 1977), visible DanSha like drop, qin, mercury has been regarded as important LianDan raw material, is and the ancients anticorrosive know about body inseparable from the body, immortals, to the flesh of the same substance immortality, people had different hopes.

(2) the influence of Taoism to LianDanShu development

Han dynasty, LianDanShu chiefly by the alchemist hands. Wei and jin dynasty, many Taoist boomed after LianDanShu alchemist became Taoist priest, is mainly the doctrine, and the form of Taoist synchronous developed. On the one hand, LianDanShu as ruler of longevity, became faith doctrine component, attract some senior officials join Taoism, promoted the development of Taoism; On the other hand, religious coat and further enhances the mystery of LianDanShu, along with the spread of Taoism, the scope and scale LianDan activities have been continuously expanded, meanwhile, ruler of past ways, also make LianDanShu chung more powerful support get.

Jin tang between, official Taoism during this period of development, historical periods. LianDan activities mainly by the Taoist in the mountains, grand and imperial palace. Because LianDan Taoist often and practice medicine, but it also has many doctors LianDan, thus appeared in some is both a physician and Taoist figures. Ge hong and TaoHongJing is the typical representative.

(3) famous LianDan activities necessary

Though the scholar-officials Confucianism well-known, but especially good fairy eternal, first from ZhengYin and BaoXuan learning LianDan, in LianDan polyuronides luofu mountain after until eventually died. The scholar-officials in arms, the article "tree, is about religious philosophy and fairy Taoist important works, book eternal tabled a" secondary mofa, "" fairy medicine", "JinDan", "yellow" the article, collected many has lost LianDan bibliography, standby take stone, LianDan, dredging, room etc, sets jin eternal eternal and theory before fairy tales.

"Embrace, the article" laid in a recorded not only has lost many of LianDan works, LianDan drugs and specific LianDan method, but also from practice outlining7 elements cycling thoughts. Such as "JinDan" article points out: "DanSha burn into mercury, accumulate the DanSha variable and also into." (see wang Ming "embrace tastes JiaoShi within 72 page of papers, pp.115-116 page with former lead version), which is said DanSha (sulfide pellets can make contain mercury), while the sulfur into sulfur dioxide free out mercury (mercury) : again with sulfur yellow combined, mercury and generate red sulphide last crystallization," yellow "mercury piece in pointed out:" lead sex also, but red white the thought Dan; Dan sex red also, but white as lead." Described here is, lead by chemical changes to QianBai (white alkali type carbonated lead), QianBai heating can be turned into lead Dan (red four oxidation three lead), and lead Dan after a chemical change, still can be QianBai. Ge hong here is not only express specific chemical reaction process, the more important is by listing examples of chemical changes, expounds the reversible, circulating sex with chemical change ideas, DanSha can make an argument can be artificially synthesized longevity, gold the correctness of belief.

And the scholar-officials in arms, the article "laid in Taoism history and history of LianDan have a great impact. In the northern and southern dynasties, with LianDan scholar-officials influence by the famous monastery, when TaoHongJing SongLiang indisputably between people. As with TaoHongJing scholar-officials LianDan monks, is well-known and renowned medical, he at the age of 10, "a biography of the fairy scholar-officials, night and day, will have health research found the volunteers." (the Donald ShiJuan 76 LiYanShou "south TaoHongJing preach) under the hermit, 36 years old, from official reclusive maoshan. TaoHongJing once "traversal mountains, searched for a fairy medicine", get the rune secret in wudi (after the gold, Spanish red, cinnabar provide XiongHuang CengQing, medicines, such as, the whole refined "fly Dan", and Dan medicine in his offer, further earned the respect of his preoccupation. TaoHongJing diligently works, to the elderly more assiduously LianDan law books and book, mainly has the true cursive ", "enterprise French", "ZhuDan sets will be exactly", etc.

(4) Dan medicine clinical applications

Modern chemical technology proof, the ancient Dan home refining, mainly is poisonous. Dan medicine the mercury, lead, arsenic, sulfur compounds, so take feed Dan drug poisoning in ShiBuJueShu fatalities.

LianDanShu as eternal pursuit of immortality failed. But, LianDan experts obtain chemical achievement in Chinese history but puts glorious forever. Chinese ancient mercury chemical, lead chemistry, arsenic chemistry, chemical, metallurgical technology ", because the LianDan home creation but far a leading position in the world; China's four great inventions of gunpowder, also in Dan home birth of LianDan oven; China LianDanShu after Arab spread to Europe, and have become after the cradle of modern chemistry.

From the Angle of medical research LianDanShu, of course, can't the main focus on its general chemical achievement, more should notice its important contributions in medicine.

The 15th century of bashan, Russell hughes constitutionalist there is a famous saying: "JinDan technique the aim is not refined gold, but in CSP developed for human disease." drug (Max led Needham text see before the Chinese literature review (3); 99; 1979). Although LianDan as longevity waning, but it as "for human disease of chemical technology developed drugs" but not forgotten, and medical experts just put it on the application from health care medicine transferred to treat medical up.

Dan medicine for the treatment of diseases of topical and take orally, have two kinds of delivery methods.

TianGuan zheng note zhouli pieces, slaughter under "healing WuDu" choose "mentioned WuDu party", "about Dan medicine is for external use only the earliest record:" WuDu, five drug, today the medical people toxic WuDu medicine, there 礜, the QuShi fits the yellow DanSha, XiongHuang, bravery, 礜 stone, CiShi among them, three days and three nights, the burning on the smoke with chicken feather the back to note and Saul, evil meat broken bone is all out." (the ShiSanJing article "the scheduled page 833pp photocopy 1980). Although, DanSha XiongHuang, 礜 stone, in the illness of 52 square abscess has been used for external use, but these families won't be "WuDu party use direct origin."

"Embrace, JinDan laid in the qiang, essay of the sutra" too clear "nine light Dan, except in five of the CengQing and" stone WuDu party "ShiDan different outside, the rest of the four flavour is completely, so someone is that exist between them ZhaoKuangHua, ZhangHuiZhen homologous relations (han WuDu party" choose families "of the origin and experimental study of nature science research 1 (3); 199; 1985). DanSha, XiongHuang, 礜 stone, magnet, CengQing etc, in western han dynasty was already was the mystery LianDan commonly used raw material, "WuDu party" will "WuDu" mixed liters of method, refined LianDan home should first is the technical achievements. Kaogongji (the "of WuDu" and "five gas" and "five medicine" and "five" simultaneously, seem to belong FanLun and no specific zheng referred to, so only say: "today who have medical WuDu medicine", and not judge weeks have used this square. However, "WuDu party" the latest in east han dynasty has been used in clinical surgery.

Han dynasty, Dan medicine external treatment ulcers method has not lost. The secret to "volume outside Taiwan 14 respectively, roll records" fan 30 WangFei yellow jiqing scattered "and" wide "the flying yellow scattered drugs and refining methods of han dynasty, and WuDu party" photograph "approximate. YangYi litterateur, was on the note describes ZhengXuanFa close medicine cured by poets of ulcers XuShuWei phuket examples (the first page 99 skill square "Shanghai scientific and technical publishers 1959). Visible "WuDu party" through the mouth or ears were departed, recorded to handed down times.

"LiuJuanZi ghost" (499) left party, such as in surgical monographs LianDan product is rarely used. With the constantly take Dan poisoning accidents occur, people the way to Dan medicine orally raised doubts and fears, and the external use Dan drug therapy efficacy and safety of surgical disorders gave more and more fully degree of affirmation. Some surgical monographs and comprehensive surgical article is known, large volume and in recorded in the methods of preparation and Dan medicine clinical application, thus surgical became Dan medicine's main animations, refining LianDanShu topical Dan medicine became the mainstream.

According to Dan medicine refined method and the burning of the chemical composition, can bring many Dan medicine formula is divided into oxidation mercury class (such as red litres of Dan), chlorinated mercury class (such as white drop Dan), vulcanization mercury class (such as too b small ring Dan) and other miscellaneous class four types. At present various Dan medicine will still be used for osteomyelitis, evaluated, scrofulous, etc, in surgical clinical plays a role.

(serial, to be continued)