Chinese history (sui tan period) (serial 45)

The first quarter of medical education and medical system

One, the medical system

Sui wendi establish regime change after six weeks in, except the, the system in accordance with the law of more than previous generations. But much of tang dynasty, "always bearing sui system, many from ShengBian offsets bureau" (liu Xu etc "old tang book" volume 42, volunteers, 22 P1783 official, 833pp volunteer, only small changes). Fifth, when those ordinances regime change frequently, more than previous generations, no more attacks create. Sui tang medical system, there are three main established for imperial system, a is the pharmacy and service is medical food; 2 it is the medicine for taizi service bureau and palm Tibetan medical; Three is the education institutions baiguan medical treatment and medical institutions where department and cure too much.

1, pharmacy and food is medical

The bureau of is medicine in royal duty is medicine for emperors in fits and royal medicine and diagnosis, straight syndrome square veins is his assistant, long. Close and royal medicine in the house with Augustan is medicine in joint monitoring the prison's, then by until medicine into medical with more personnel try to write the drug name after the seals, medicine and composition, indicating the date is made, watchdog also all needs to be signed on, then write. Take the drug to the emperor still need the day by still medicine first taste, times in royal house of taste, crown prince taste prison and then again by the emperor taking. Waits for diagnosis of syndromes physician duty mixed; Company is to assist medical physician points healing the disease; Lord medicine, medicine virgin palm pounding processing drug screening the scraping. Masseur, charm campaign with cure too much from palm. Food and medical palm "appropriate", namely that together with dietary tastes of palm wisenews suitable.

Yet the pharmacy into drug, quarterly, all too often check by the decadent mildew forfeited. Or so, flying ride million primaries Ernest l, then give the ride with sick medication. In the conversation, etc, the emperor is approval, please drug administration for nobles physician diagnosis under officials.

In the zhenyuan 15 years (799) academician the physician "after" position, such as "tang kill" load "miserable" zhenyuan fifteen years in April, and the house is a pharmacy company provinces more buy medical, appropriate a member: d carrizo add buy two member, still and leave grant, academician the physician may not note intends to "sauce. (WangFu" tang kill "volume 65, p. 505-508 833pp 1955) when setting DaiKao. This might be the earliest Chinese medical history of medical palace set academician.

2, medicine hidden innings and palm d

Medicine GuanShu hide bureau is east of the institution, door lane, designed for taizi service management of the medical institutions. Medicine Tibetan medicine, lol lang palm and for assistant. The crown has problems, medical diagnosis by shi hou re-debate square, Canon medicine, medicine and medical practice for the children. GongChen extended by JinCheng, medicine, pharmacy like still taste of the office. In addition, the prince and palm within three from eight products, medical treatment, pharmaceutical, Lord GongRen disorder prince.

Prince's palace, the setting of "Canon" (" sui medical lol book "volume 27 volunteers P755 baiguan, 22, medical management).

3, cure too much for the country's health authorities department education institution, but also. Too often temple at the sui dynasty genera. Have two people from that cure too much under seven product (two), lol) (from eight product, Lord medicine men, physicians 200, doctors 120 people, YaoYuan division 2 people, medical doctor duo, ta duo, massage, dr dr ban two curse, were more than two people. Little more than thirty-three Sui field medical prison again when emperor increased five; d is ten people. Cure too much to palm, and the method of the medical treatment charge of the command is his assistant, lol. Physicians and medical diagnosis YiGong main is positive and disease. The doctor and the teaching assistant medical outside, main is except ZhuSheng herbalism professor.

Bearing sui tang cure too much agency system, in the personnel, the government seems to strengthen medical education and management responsibility, set under the cure too much department medical, needles, clearly forbidden four families massage, curse, needle is newly established, families are all branches of the students, the ta, dr YiGong, physicians auxiliary teaching there, and stipulates cure too much to the medical examination, cheng quarterly born a needle, significantly increased education responsibilities. The department of cure too much Tang cure too much agency still has the Lord medicine, medicine virgin management practice YaoYuan division, and medicinal materials, YaoYuan birth, palm cultivation reap solid medicine and the YaoYuan division in YaoYuan responsibility for training the beneficiary. Generate pharmacist Cure too much education management, administration department of facilities and course exam "medical education" quarter saw.

The above the medical personnel concerned as well as with other officials need to get by on bales. "Who is not cross over healing in royal", thus drug medical officials order for 5 tasted the highest.

Sui and tang dynasties time place the medical system also contribute. Sui counties are doctors. The rulers Where is sui tang medical things seriously more, and established a set of organization, and its regulation is:

JingZhao, henan, taiyuan, a medical doctor's assistant alone, alone, and students twenty. Big DouDuFu medical doctor one set, ta alone, students in 15: DouDuFu medical doctor alone, student 15 people; Next DouDuFu medical doctor alone, ta alone, student twelve; The state medical doctor alone, ta, students 15 people; one Zhongzhou medical doctor alone, ta alone, student twelve; Next state medical doctor alone, learn the Lord ten (" old tang book "volume 44, volunteers, 21, p. 1915 three official county officials).

These DouDuFu, large, medium, small state medical doctor, all body and medical treatment, teaching duty. People with both "100 medicine, and in the disease," assistant professor, help students learn, in the Lord and states medical tour task. In the twenty-seventh year zhen, such as complex buy medical student, is clear about the "palm state borders (" cure" tour new tang book "volume 49, volunteers, under 39 P1314) duties under baiguan, county and state of tang dynasty, is set by registered permanent residence pharmaceutical number decision. ChengShiYan, with more than 40,000 households JSL for the states, insufficient for zhongzhou, thousands of 25,000 for the next twenty to jehu, each state average five person plan, about a thousand have a medical student, this ratio should say is in this period of low. Thus visible to the government of tang dynasty of medical attention.

In addition, sui and tang dynasties have buddhists do people in place, hapen asylum seekers men and women with leprosy. The tang dynasty and establish Lamentations tian yuan temple to adopt the patient, wu chang by the government after after position specialized management. To sigh of twenty-two years, kaiyuan city beggar also be ordering, the government by the disease with capital management lane collected supply disease fang spending interest. These can make up for the lack of civilian medical personnel to help low income patients. LiDeYu dahe five years (845) played in both Beijing and, please select and state in reyes and thick praise for the old village, and renamed the management forestiers fang. Its two Beijing field to temple, big state, ten worthy of the five other states granule, seven, to provide for disease granule filling with food, and porridge with state money buy more than envied the town in charge and the auxiliary.

In addition, according to the TongJian usages "load," to DE 2 load (757), two JingShi each buy Jackie disease fang, afterwards, many states generally located in temples." This is the nature of a civilian hospital.

After five QingTai years when tang dynasty emperor (934 ~ 935), in the word set department and the cure too much, also has the medical doctor academician the physician. If the song "open treasure of the herbal LiuHan, HouZhou work compiled for its ShiZong ChaiRong had offered by use of recipe books and entrusts with an academician medical offices. Practice (975) had 937 ~ in the states, such as ChenShiLiang had set up medical RenJianZhou (now fujian nanping) medical assistants.

Fifth of inmates and prison when also paid more attention to, such as health HouTang Ming Pope, was in prison inmates who invoke, should appoint four37-metre disease syndrome, and recorded officials to face medical people see syndrome. Every year, every 5 until August summer Chou once sent wash stocks.

Weeks TaiZu ever made SaSao prison, washing the warders stocks, not make fleas ticks spurt breeding; Supply water slurry, lest the prisoner hunger. Such as prisoners have problems, were all his family; [sanctuary] Prisoner GuanCha YiGong without relatives, then, don't cause illness syndrome diagnosis.

Second, medical regulation

Sui open huang reign (581) has issued a "open huang law", pity has TangCheng sui system, are "always emblem law", when she was four years in the eternal badge by chang mowgli was the law, and the famous article discussion ", it is hydrophobic most surviving ancient most systematic feudal law works. SuiLv although not visible, but from the tang dynasty law, also visible clue, and the SuiLv involved in the law "the regulation many medical hygiene, and now entries are as follows: the will

(a) the regulation on medicine

The law "the regulation involved in medicine and health care, all such grow perceptibly loss mowgli writes the law of hydrophobic commercial press the discussion series of ed., integrated for early 1960 e-print)

1, the man and medicine and medical problem than his murderer hydrophobic acupuncture mistakenly, ACTS two and a half years, its reason not to kill people die, fong is killer theory; Although not hurtful, rod over sixty. Namely sell a medicine, also as the than his. (volume 26)

2, the default party cheat cure disease medical who take property and in stealing theory. (volume 25)

3 and the cheat and sick and wounded by make inspection, the reality that reduced the fraud, wait. If real illness and injury, not to the people in so experimenters, sin theory. (volume 25)

4, close and royal medicine as friendly and sealing problem by mistake, the medical ground; Food JianZe not jing, who ACTS year; Not all wait; the reduction in Prison when lawsuit, each minus d a minute. (volume 9)

5, the poison poison people and sellers in the twisted; Namely sell buy not wielder, flow 2 Trinidad, (volume 18)

6, the CDC, the avoidance somewhat deceptive by 100. If so, ACTS a year and a half since analyzed, its are analyzed, and despite please manner with sin. To the dead, with so wait. Reduced dou kill sin (volume 25)

The six relevant medical regulation department showed was studied a regulation in clinical practice, otherwise it is difficult to distinguish medical or for medicine is all kinds of disease, which in some extent protects people's health. In addition to the prisoner cheat disease or deliberately committing or please people on disability means of escape conviction also aware that while using form tianjin dealt with. Taiwan and royal medicine incorrect and invalid or disease, will healers who hanged, fully embodies the privilege of the maintenance of feudal emperors.

(2) the regulation about food hygiene

1, the board created royal unintentional wrong those stranded, staple food forbidden things, if shouts evil in food drink, steep two years; JianZe not jing and into the royal at times, minus the second-class: don't taste by 100. (volume 18)

2, the prison when the lawsuits and staple food, mistake the miscellaneous medicine to the meal and twisted by royal. (volume 18)

3, the meal of the offering made food, meat rod forbidden seventy. If evil things in food swore symposium in the JianZe ungodliness and fifty, answer; The error, each minus second-class. (volume 18)

4, meat meat, once patient with toxic to YuZhe consumed by the 1990s, offenders. And if it were betrayed a feed sick, ACTS year; To the dead, twisted with reason. Namely person reaps the the dead. From negligent homicide law (stolen and predators don't sit). (above all see volume 18)

The aforesaid relevant health laws, have two is about imperial diet unintentional wrong food, regulation and error will be forbidden to mess with miscellaneous medicine are hanged area of also with miss healers who, as is overweight but the sentencing of article 4, is paid more attention to food poisoning, this can be a felony punishable by those of food hygiene reminder to protect health care, is beneficial measures.

In addition there are "in" the law as the rabies don't kill, answer forty "also is to ensure the health of beneficial measures.

(3) and the relevant medical health regulation prisoners

And about regulation have 10 prisoners, embodies the humanitarian spirit, prisoners to the right food medicine please to meet with his family, the rights of prisoners, prison officer shall not shortchange food, prisoners sick prisoner shall not be kao - these rights, by regulation safeguard, also reflects the sui and tang dynasties at the end of the progress of the society, the imprisoned recover, make regardless of ACTS of service that those with the sick can have sick leave prison ACTS of service, then not only would have recover still not service and add criminal. The two provisions for pregnant women crime is the guarantee of life and prevent abortion babies should be discussion about measures, for the reduction is, please take care of old and disabled people. The tang dynasty to prisoners medical health main management is responsible by the series. The series have all a member YuanWaiLang), each with servants, "palm Li, BoLu decade-long by prison for clothes, grain, Daniel v. MTR medication XueYuan." (old tang book "volume 43 volunteers P1838), but 23 official implementation of the work not seen records.

In addition, the law of butyl in service and potter, soldiers and officers households maid, etc, such as "medical regulation ZhuDing artisan in service in prevention, prevention, if the disease, the main company jehu maid for please give medicine saved the healing, answer to the dead with reason; 40, ACTS year". These penalties for the director, but at least there is light warning of righteousness, to a certain extent, security ng d goldsmiths, soldiers soldiers and servants of health.

The law "regulation," the namesake again for marriage, each ACTS two years, those Si linen with crafty theory "above. (the law righteousness "volume 44 years hydrophobic, the namesake) is close to ancient general blood Si hemp is, within WuFu next of kin, consequently this two kinds of marriage for the second generation of influence is very big, with legal form to be banned the improvement of the quality of population.

In addition to the provisions of the law ", the emperor of the regulation also have invoke the role of regulation. As early MingTang zhen, taizong read, see figure caities which act in the five zang-organs are back, think of that back, but punishment inflicted WuXing most light person, shall scourge back because of zang-fu organs and even death, thus influence in four letter: zhen November runoff sinners shall not whip "back".

Four, medical education

Sui and tang dynasties time is China's medical history education progressive medicine, not only continue to delay period of hit one of the shackled and mentoring tradition, imparting more create and develop the school education, its type of medicine, the scale of the new curriculum, the teaching goal opinion.

Our country has the medical school education nature, to LiuSongShi when began in jin, the nature of the medical school is already obvious jin. HouWei actually has hosted the medical school, but its setting, scale and system for lack of documentary and owe clear after the unification of the whole country, sui, based on previous generations, successively established and improved on its cure too much agency, other medical education section, education and pharmacy education into medicine, medical education set four department of medicine of dr compiled 2, ta 2 people, physicians 200 people, medical students 120 people; Massage is massage, massage, dr 20, 120 people born 100 people; massage Also has forbidden 2 doctors curse. In pharmaceutical education aspect is the main medicine 2 people, YaoYuan division two people and YaoYuan born several. Total medical school set by the thousands of teachers and students of more than 580 people, most time education at college style that has been rulers of medical attention. Especially in massage doctor training outstanding, especially in the preparation of a job as many as 20 dr massage, massage teacher 120 people, students 100 people, this is the feudal peerless, combined with the emperor yangdi ordered the "the collective compilation of the epa hou concerning medical theory monographs, though it's not discussed the method and technology of medical diseases, but details many diseases such as massage medical technology and method guided.

Tang cure too much department actually can be regarded as the central medical university, belong to the competent, too often in administration temple on two people, to cure too much agency, responsible for overall leadership fairly principal beneficiary. Two people, quite otherwise lol vice principal, help cure too much to work; department Mansion duo, two people, medical history of the prison four people, d is eight, palm, solid four for assisting the headmaster is in charge of the educational administration, documents, archives and ShuWu etc.

Cure too much agency system, assessment and promotion: tang dynasty the eductional systme very strict cure too much agency, according to the tang six Canon "records, exercises secco length period for seven years; Sores, puffy period for five years by rumblingly.the tracks section length; Refreshing period of four years mouth dental length; Angle method for three years study period. Early admission, all student "do beam rite, ritual in practice", and "the beam division three points into practice by dr. Ta. Each year, half over student, imperial county and state quo zi jian try. When ZhouShi, and students who choose YiYe fine as trial officer. Its tried in a year, the program of the industry, listen, the mouth of justice department article above, eight for more than six, five for under its already for the next nine years. Learn the imperial not retreat" and solution. Cure too much for students learning achievement of the department, like more rigorous assessment in principle although also pointed out that "the imperial examination with, such as AD, but the law" in comments stressed in: "all those born read materia medical needle general medicine form known exhaustible; read the MingTang anesthesiologists general its unintelligibility inspection figure who read MaiJue exhaustible; caities which act in time, make battery recursive known as the shape wisenews unsmooth slippery; read grain asked, by the emperor, party a and party b, needle by, all make pulse pure cooked". Finally in pointed out the investigation of each course grades above the system, dr request "on a try, big medical make cheng season a try, too ChangCheng year-end total try. If the industry as the intraoperative too saw the patch, that is listening for nine years. Its learning from the back, nothing is ecru". Have again "whoever physicians, medical, medical occupational disease is how many people with its alu minium wheels and the thought exam course book" (" tang six Canon "roll, 19 page 14 guang ya versions), visible medical book Lord of advancement is attaches great importance to the actual skills and the curative effect of the old level.

About teaching discipline, to the teachers and students also have clear requirements, "tang kill" record: "all students have not rate division is instructed and erectile. Its frequency three years from the first, nine years studying the" nothing like also; "The doctor, ta by professors are points, each grant once will make final speak, speak, and shall not GaiYe without end. The doctor, all program assistant in how much that exam course teaching level"; ZhuSheng read scripture, and then gives the ripe, handouts, put 1 per ten-day holiday. Dr day before exam, its this per 1000 locutionary try a post, for those three words handouts, each 2,000 locutionary asked in a, total try three. The links and a redquin and the insufficiency, and general should punish "deliberate. (the tang kill" volume 66, roll 35)

The curriculum and academic education: tang cure too much agency curriculum and academic education methods also has a characteristic very much, emphasize: focus on the basic medical courses teaching, also very value according to different branch of professional technical courses teaching method, also very small clinical operational skills attention of students' practical training, in common foundation course based on the exam, just can attend branch of learning. The so-called "the doctor read by both the workshops," but segregation of each paragraph now.

Medical: the five department is cure too much agency attributes, under which also is divided into five disciplines, dr, a cure too much for one position, "is eight product ZhuSheng acquisition by professor zhang medical classics, party a and party b materia medica, pulse differentiated by," then "human". "Again buy physicians 20 people, YiGong 100 people, drinking severance doctor". (the tang six Canon "volume 14, refer to the old tang book"), in its 40 medical students, learning exercises for half above, the 22; Sores swollen families have student six: born six rumblingly.the tracks science; Lord four babbled learn and fresh; Angle law student 2, specialized technology for great historical detail. Do not know its faster

Needle families: a needle than dr dr alone, and position for a bit low, medical from eight product, severance needle, born in general as well as the meridians caities which act of unsmooth slippery syndrome. In nine needle and diarrhea to fill the law, request first born "needle needle was more than five zang-organs CDC for insufficient and fertile of relief," says that: "whoever needle of born acquisition of companies as the doctor teaching method". The tang six code) clearly stipulates: "needle born plain question", the sla huangdi needle MingTang by the journal, "and" MaiJue "; and acquisition by the lingers (needles) ", "chen-zun-shu side" etc, the red figure of uzziah by makes. Provided and acquisition is lessons, five or six century medical book, the medical education is that tang dynasty very seriously new theories, new technology of education. Needle is dr. Except the severance needle, needle still have the assistant one needle, needle division 10 people work 20 people, dr adjuvant to 20 needle needle was teaching.

Massage: one, a massage medical dr low yipin than dr position for the third, from do next, severance had news of massage guided by law, except one wind, cold, heat, dampness, referring contemptuously, full, fatigue, the eight problems, and escape the mount is folding fall damage. "massage is massagist four people, addition massage, massage work 16 served 30 (born after the reduced to 15 people), learning courses except learning with medical common medical theory, materia medica, professional class in addition to the learning outside the law" guided "news outside, and learning" bear out by birds, prolong the technique ", such as the "six birds HuaTuo the play" the WeiWenZhi "five mallet, forging" etc. Massage is real include the ZhengGu teaching.

Forbidden: in the tang dynasty curse still has an m position, small, but it is also one of the five department. Dr curse, a forbidden one curse severance had forbidden ban curse pulling for the charm and greatly. The course has FangShiZhi way, have banned on the campaign's curse of Buddhism, its content containing superstition elements, but although some psychological therapy also and qigong of more. The department has forbidden division, charm campaign mantra, each second work to curse dr 1980-83 born 10 people banned education.

YaoYuan: asher mansion 2, 4, palm history of solid 4 person, Lord medicine eight people, YaoYuan division two people, YaoYuan born eight people, medicine virgin 24 people. But except with YaoYuan division of palm "when Shi, accept the drug" mining. Distinguishing the state soil, every years out, storage, choosing the good person and how "into, more important is to should be in charge of education, and YaoYuan born of medical, needle branch, undertake massage branch, forbidden science curse," born to learn the compendium of materia medica distinguishing medicine form, knowledge YaoYuan anesthesiologists, tang cure too much agency has great progressive set up in the capital, YaoYuan a, choose for granule, take three good farmland callings under 20 16 years, industry YaoYuan filling into born ", to fill the pharmacists subjects provides medical student confess medicine, cause the practice of medicine, this also is our chance to the earliest medicinal gardens in history.

Education: where to place the tang dynasty of medical education also compared the medical attention, its set of universal and organizational system of school, strict in Chinese feudal society is only. Medical education began in the tang dynasty at the beginning where zhen, according to "(627) six Canon" records, tang dynasty to the national government, state medical school teachers, learning, number of Lord grade are defined. Such as "big DouDuFu... medical doctor 1 person, from eight product, ta 1 person, student 15 people." Each place established by the government, state medical school education each place, except needed medical talents outside, and "palm cure disease", "people are 100 medicine saved the healing," CDC civilians in all the states out any soil at the drug available, to give people in charge of the disease ". Also stressed: "palm state borders tour cure";" Pre and typhoid fever, diarrhea, destiny, chi medicine... To give ", with new and old tang book in baiguan log, remember the state for a "101 assistant, write materia, integrating prescriptions. But at the same time the" hidden medical school where the establishment and teaching in the course of execution is not very stable, however, still can reflect the tang dynasty on changan (now xian in shaanxi) held in central medical university and state, where's medical school, and held in the county asher management "medicine display the matter" and so on, all given unprecedented attention, these measures for the development of Chinese medicine health undertakings have a positive impact.

(serial, to be continued)