Chinese history (sui tan period) (serial 54)

The 6th minority medical

A, CangYiXue development

The 6th century, Tibet plateau yarlung zangbo river area society has gradually progress, from primitive society into slavery society, there is also a greater development of agriculture. King Lagrangian loose praise (610 ~ 629 hide) have build the palace red ze cloth but palace. With the neighbouring nation, countries have more contact, according to records, this period "from bilateral came medicine and calendar calculation" (cable WangTongJi praise: Tibet south, Kennedy (Tibetan edition) ethnic publishing house, 1952). A French sinology jinghu and (13, WangShuHe Huard) also mentioned the mai jing dynasty introduced into Tibet, and of this transfer to India, the Arab countries (way until Culture. Edited by London Wellcome ENI Povnter Inst. For the 1969,1,291) Med. W.t. promote. These show that, when the Lagrangian loose praise for the society has entered the feudal slavery society prepared conditions, CangYiXue development has a good conditions.

In 641 (tang zhen fifteen years, in Tibetan optimus, princess wencheng, songtsen gampo * s into Tibet, and marriage, close the sino-tibetan two brothers national relationship. The princess of han nationality with into hiding advanced culture classics, according to the tubo dynasty "account: MingJian lineages to Tibet to book princess" cure, diagnostics five hundred, medical equipment six, and medical works four." These books already cannot take an examination of the specific content, but the more important is the princess of the medical brought a said guinnessworldrecords, Tibetan important history "sage wedding banquet, the book is called" Chinese princess again big medical "or" han princess wencheng hold big medical ". This book to by han medical translators, monk Omaha DE watts and Tibetan translator of maria guo pierced, become common translated into the tubo dynasty Tibetan history of a Tibetan medical works at the earliest.

Soon, hidden from the mainland king also HanWang Hyde, tianzhu hire doctor baal of karzai, doctor hot food to Tibet's doctor card columns, to hide the king referred to heal (three different medical character, not specific real name, but represent three ancient different medical system symbolic characters, because according to research, han Chinese medicine and no person, HanWang Hyde's true have even card out person, Barcelona with India in time of the heat are many centuries, also cannot simultaneously into hiding, research suggests HanWang Hyde is shaft yellow emperor, their respective homophonic), bring their medical through translation, three and common compiled, the into a new medical him. The book seven volumes, named "fearless weapon". Obviously, the audacity of weapons from "include han, tianzhu, big food and Tibetan local medical experience and theory, can say is important in CangYiXue classical literature, but unfortunately this book also later, don't search are left.

The 710 years, hiding with mainland tang dynasty king intermarriage again. Jincheng into Tibet, again to princess YiGong and health of cadastral, calendar calculation works etc. The "king medicine on medical theory of" (about the king of dre on the origin of the original drug, have different views, it is auspicious hangzhou by han 戓 salmon than the original translations, and considered the originally from dahlia, translated into Tibetan, again by tianzhu turned to Tibet. This problem at present there is no conclusion that need to be discussed by the han nationality scholar further, medical monk mahabharata yan (,) and the Tibetan salmon also name translation division vairocana that common translated into Tibetan, absorbed Tibetan medicine experience, and India life vedic medical and other medical content, fully explain the Tibetan people's good at absorbing foreign culture essence of excellent quality. This "month" has become king medicine diagnosis CangYiXue existing earliest a relatively complete a system for research work, CangYiXue early history to have the important meaning.

The eighth century, hidden from the king also hire local famous doctors rush of Brazil's pull ha into Tibet, medical, he appointed royal waits some remedies for translation, named "cure too much. The" medical health Hidden ChiSong praise (755 king's ruling period, ~ 797) brought salmon from each district of bashan gold praise of hemp jahath, sheila, when raza called "three Tuesday," they compiled books, named "a purple JingHan." king care

In addition, this period to hide all over the doctor and "sifang nine cure too much," including the east han's mouth loose amraphel) watts (most famous, in every region native born after the king back and hid again, only his invitation to apply again into Tibet and settled in hiding, for he healed hid the king's disease, and obtain the "tower XiDong loose mouth gerben) watts's (the title of" the famous doctors, some representatives of meaning four.

Since then, hidden from the king and all nine outstanding youth, selected by the royal medical knowledge, the cure too much granted by the GongBu glycoproterins of tola the biggest influence.

Mr. GongBu, yuan Dan tou biggest contribution was his through extensive practice, on the basis of predecessors' achievements in the adjacent areas, and absorption, nation and state medical essence, summarized, improve the foundation, the CangYiXue works became the four medical classics, for the development of CangYiXue laid a solid foundation.

The four medical classics is the most important CangYiXue classical works, Tibetan name is referred to as "the Tibet plateau" is the crystallization of the wisdom of the people, and the summary of experience of struggle against disease. But, have always been in this classic, have considered exotic Buddha language, also have considered said Tibetan his treatise different opinions. But, attentive tibetology researchers easy to find plenty of material, to deny the four medical classics that India's original. Like great scholars of warehouse big translation of teacher said: "use pulse-taking and check urine in ancient India, diagnostic, and not have to smell the tubo doctor with bodhicitta is the fifth dalai training", to reach warehouse view think highly. Also can give many Tibetan scholars about the four medical classics is Tibetan ancient sages of material, here work list is not sought. In short, the four medical classics as the classic Tibetan. Is the inevitable outcome of historical development, is the Tibetan people's own creations, no doubt about it. From the unearthed appeared in recent years the Tibetan material the dunhuang Tibetan miscellaneous cure square ", "Tibetan moxibustion as well as a great many" by scholars, that is the eighth century works, its content is only for some simple treatment prescription, fire moxibustion therapy, but also from a side, proof, during this period has self-sustaining, Tibetan no traces of from India, much less input is a kind of come from India medical system.

Second, DingLing, high car, HuiGu, vascular the development of medical science

Dimension DingLing to HuiGu medical (from the medicine) : "a DingLing", says Chinese connection BC iii and has emerged. This is a nomadic YuDongQi Lake Baikal, west to eltrix river and baal broad grassland area between kashi lake tribe. Since the 2nd century to the 9th century HuiGe khanate perish, the middle between over 600 years DingLing and Mongolian grassland is always seed (high car, iron le, the main distribution to the HuiGe). High car (iron lei) tribal culture by the hsiungnu, xianbei and other national influence greatly together. Iron man from han there in hsiungnu preached by DingLing. Medical health custom and the Hungary, fang Buddha each other "common not clean". The department of MoBei iron joined with the tang dynasty, the people become tang "the city", which greatly expanded tang empire boundary, meanwhile, journal also greatly promote the development of iron le tribal culture. Meanwhile medicine culture there is communication. The government of tang dynasty once successively her to have three princess married khan, each of bring all medical doctor and han artisans, after personnel. Han craftsman to help create a "khan city", "city", "rich city", "the princess, medical doctor, such as city" is designed for the princess and went after personnel of health services, long for khan and dignitaries diagnosis and therapy. The 8th century A.D., HuiGe department after the large moved west. A moved to central Asia, built hatem pull sweat dynasty; Have a team in turpan, established the gaochang HuiGu dynasty. HuiGu already shirt-sleeve earlier YuTianShan north and west is distribution of turkic ministries, grassland and shirt-sleeve the since the han han moved to here; And with the original live nanjiang vast regions of the GuiZi, YuTian fuck yanqi, tribal, and later pragmatics, the tubo generally qidan, mongols etc, multiplied long development, and eventually settled in this gradually formed the uighurs.

In 1974 LuFan small peach ditch spit HuiGu wen unearthed have Chinese, presently hides prescription (combination of xinjiang museum), show HuiGu people to the han nationality medical study and research, according to research, HuiGu people on the move, the formulae shortly after already misshapen qi-deficiency, into the content in zhongyuan drug Lord; The LianDanShu, hua tuo central as western may also is the HuiGu) and (especially the gaochang preached in the Arab and western world. Similarly, Arabic, Persian and Byzantine businessman continue will sweet drugs to sell China, also more HuiGu silk road by gaochang.

It is still can see in the 10th century literature, the golden key HuiGu book in 1920, FengLe by German archaeologists excavated ancient ruins in gork gaochang found for uygur history, first important medical literature, existing Berlin. The west has quite a few scholars published the book at. In 1980, xinjiang health department in the Chinese academy of social sciences, national institute help translate classical Chinese, HuiGu rodman totally 201 line encyclopedia. Divided into theory, illness, treatment, drug four parts, mainly with blood, bravery fluid, mucus in three fluid under the influence of various diseases caused by cold case. Specific describes the trauma, skin, facial features, breathing, heart, digestion, genitourinary, nerve, obstetrics, infantile and leprosy, rabies, chronic illnesses such as fever, including some today HuiGu rodman archaeological experts also unknown illness, treatment, including drugs, nutrition, cold hot compress and moxibustion burger, bloodletting, puncture, station, induced labor, etc. Various kinds of therapy, with drugs and nutrition therapy primarily. For most animal medicine for livestock, poultry, small next to mineral drug for plant medicine, few. In normal use is local. Prescription have unilaterally, compound, folk prescription, prescription, and a ointment, ointment, solution, the pills were pleasant, such as tablets, suppositories formulations. Medicine after the Fried until complete or boil after not paste, and rinse; simmer gently with the law made final tumble. The book theory and practice are different from India, Greece and China mainland Chinese medical and apparent effect, deserves further study.

Turkey Uighur nationality (among) acupuncture doctors muhammad yakoub Clive city lattice hot in Berlin museum visit, it was found that the turpan exhibition hall in the unearthed cultural heritagecity ruins gaochang HuiGu wen by "the needle," he said with a contemporary characteristics of turpan unearthed nude, useful as half-length acupuncture points out several arrows indicate USES ancient, meridians HuiGu writing, but rarely read." The "(see the turkic acupuncture treatment" wen, publication Turkey "east Turkey between magazine), Stan HuiGu rodman acupuncture, enclosed picture reads climbers have:

"The head... chest, arms, the ankle... if human fever... it acupuncture point in this region is under... heart." 20-30cm 20-30cm

HuiGu people since the acupuncture in tang dynasty, when earlier gaochang are in the 5 ~ 6 century "bergman discoveres the bamboo Ed" has seen a mainland acupuncture preach in the hexi corridor, the hot sand turpan people today with moxibustion therapy are some origin relations.

Due to the Arab culture and Persian culture continued into uygur among the people. By HuiGu medicine of islamic culture huge impact. Writing in the 107 years 1069 ~ pleasures though intelligence "is a literary classic, but also reflects the impact, the author optimal element, responded," haas hagi just four elements "theory in this to people, revealed in poems, he said:" I, like four companions in four elements, four elements combination, can ditch into life." Introduce into the fire, soil and water gas four elements in human blood red elements namely pledge, yellow elements for bravery fluid to pledge, white elements of phlegm or mucus qualitative, black elements namely black bile qualitative, four elements can be sick. Without harmony

He to the four physical four attributes heat, cold, wet and dry in the performance and sickness in the treatment for has also made the expression with food choices, in the health, he said: "if a young in the spring of its life, eating hot sex food, blood can clear. If forties, facing the autumn of life, enter much hot sex food, body element recuperation to weeks. Years like winter, sixty feet mood, only edible thermal physical, cool food should discard."

This period is the most distinguished physician kashi DeDing kashi Gregory, Iraq in Massachusetts, he was pulled together and will be introduced in the avicenna, his work with the China TuFuLing "drugs manual spread to central Asia and western countries. Most of his works is the medical regulations explanation ", he thinks, endanger life is enough to eat, so "bilge die not feed" and "don't eat snacks", and combining exertion. The famous doctors still stand for "satiety naked body when don't shower, not sleeping, drunkenness, irate at different room did not eat, eat, sleep properly." attention "Health doesn't take medicine, as far as possible when if found himself a little ailment, will grasp treatment, appropriate medication, make the disease made well." In addition also discusses the nutrition, drinking water, fruit, four sex etc, think "includes all things, we should keep in the middle of the state." (the fuller wisdom ", the first 603 pages, 605 pages), 1986, minorities press.

Above the basic theory and basic concept, there are many mainland Chinese Confucianism and Chinese medicine theory (such as pigeon, moderation, drunken mo into the room, cure is not ill, etc.), in combination with the traces of HuiGu this nation's experience, but the main body has been converted to Arab four humoral medical system, visible force of infiltration islamic culture.

This period, uygur medicine has initially formed, MoBei HuiGu period of medical treatment of the disease is still traditional dominant, everything and disease are to cold, heat class points, animal medicine and herbal medicine for cold sex, also difference between two thermal, used as a specific therapy.

Karahan kingdom period of the turkic big dictionary "is the most ancient uighurs, the author Mach an encyclopedia kaidu-kongque, among them, the mulder has 34 kinds of diseases and recorded the therapy treatment prescription, with the golden key", basically the same. For example to waist hip pain: "can be used with black spelt pigeon excrement, even apply face to cook." the three nights namely "If someone is mad dog bites, let him eat dog brain can heal." These are all uygur folk therapy.

Karahan kingdom of medical progress not only have the professional performance in a doctor, but inside and outside, the five senses, a branch of women and families. Surgical including obstruction, injury, smallpox, leprosy, fracture, warts, color class. Medical diseases such as typhoid, gastritis, ChiLi, colds, insomnia, malaria, headache, abdomen seeper, rabies, asthma, sexual function debilitating, haemoptysis, nixie etc. Facial features disease have cataract, blindness, tinnitus, reminds, ear smell, deaf, nosebleed, toothache, etc. Obstetrics and gynecology diseases such as gestation spot, pregnancy, not pregnant. Therapy USES a medication, ointment, laxatives, detoxification blade, bloodletting, sanatorium, psychological therapy, hot spring bathing, food, drug therapy, etc Bi akebia, such as sandalwood tree, and plum, civil sweet, calamus, etc. Another such as yogurt laxatives, boric acid as medicine.

Islam after capturing xinjiang, a large number of monasteries and schools, including medical and veterinary home, this is a special kind of medical education means, because each student should learn about islamic language (hence the HuiGu wen is Arabic, later replaced), astronomy, geography, mathematics, literature, medicine, pharmaceutical, etc.

1083 years of Mohammed in jailer 1:250 ibn sina DE ibn ali hatem juice with tomato in physician, polish with vitiligo wine governance, fennel for impotence, caraway ginseng, aniseed, with o WeiShi, Carla lai seed fertile amblyopia also featured treatment.

The doctor in khanate compare valued. The fuller wisdom "have" how to treat the doctor "an article, which said:" doctor, they heal disease. For people This kind of person you really needs to cut, not his life, life sad total have a fever, the doctor for your headache cure disease. Look, the disease but death's accomplice, once born, once must die, human groovy. The doctor but useful person, want to add close, mo oppress them. "

Karahan kingdom culture contains Persian, India and Arabia the local culture ingredients, once successively by manichaeism, Buddhism, islamic influence, and has been in the han culture under the edify, the silk road history through them, ground across Onions ridge things, reaching the original session of the Soviet union SaMaErHan and tashkent, afshana city, etc HuiGu the basis of medicine, it is in such broad customers on the basis of the renowned medical avicenna, Arabia also born in such HuiGu ethnic turkic language race, so there may be accepted Arab medical system of natural convenient, geography and national characteristics, and so on achievement a similar pattern of medicine. Also for the same reason, HuiGu national medical in domestic and foreign medical exchange, play an important role in Chinese han nationality medicine west film, and the east preach Arab medicine has their indelible contribution.

Third, the development of zhuang medicine

Tang dynasty, guangxi lingnan west way: establishment of guangxi, capacitors, Yong three tubes, zhuang medicine after qin to the accumulation of the sui dynasty period, and gradually form with unique national style, and infiltration of zhuang medicine have han medicine. Can be reflected from the following several aspects:

(a) document a large increase of zhuang medicine

BenCaoXue, pharmacology of tang and song famous works and the relevant ZhuangXiang customs ridge outside generation answer ", "GuiHaiYu HengZhi", "ridge table record of vision recorded a lot of zhuang medicine experience, reflects this period of the zhuang medicine level.

Tang the new practice of materia medica of drug-loading 850 species, at the time, had a letter, consult the specimen, according to form around drugs, including color try to figure drawing monographs also lingnan area part of the drug. Such as:

Ran snake gale, fishing ZhangGen skin, won), garlic guangxi, talc, radix scutellariae, melons LuMu, bluestone, ChiShi, Yellowstone, baishi, blackstone fat, hook kiss, white cane, snake yellow, turmeric, blue real, BaiShi, Ju sauce, nutgrass can root, SuFang wood, betel and white rabbit, Wolf epilogue herb in lingnan area such as the son of drugs, was also an income for the new fix materia ".

Chen Tibetan wares in the compendium of materia shortage "complement" new fix the omission of materia medica, also jangling qi correct recorded a lot of zhuang region drugs. Such as: Chen white drug-powder gedaliah home white drug-powder in. Meaning county, sui buy, in today for wuzhou; GongZhou, tang buy, in this flat for jienan. Chen and Ian white drug-powder home white drug-powder are extreme sexual flavour, but the former non-toxic, the latter has a small poison, both a solution drug dushang effects, take out the can make poisons spontaneously. Both the antidote for was famous. ShiYao. "A trade in stone mountain state." Trade, namely the state today celebrating county. In addition, the compendium of materia medica shortage "also had many produced from income lingnan area drugs, such as chicken dishes, aquifer syndrome cane, red wings bees, wasps, the tian star feet alone without wind worm, folic, alone to fat, wave grass, Chen Ji, grass roots, huanglong eye, Titan sports in case cany, drynaria fortunei, suede mesh, cattle brought cane, grey medicine, JinChai strands, etc.

Donald LiXun "sea medicine herbal" is also a part of drug records, zhuang area changling incense, like zero Chai son strands, prince who moved the son, tokay, liver cane, blunt hole root, gao reed leaves, etc. Especially the details of record of tokay "tokay, especially the slang, cut to adhere to the bamboo opened, aeration profile in city, force became dry, tail insufficiency in the tail, and void with healing wounds, recently folding, its shape is also out west, though small in general, non-toxic, AIDS force on main pulmonary paralysis, haemoptysis, cough, gas and appropriate pills scattered, all in HuangShou char with, after that, to run a few mouths, beaten, it not, and it is really the pant. Record the zhuang ancestors processing and clam and tell the experience.

Donald Xun liu of the ridge table is not recorded BenCaoXue monographs of vision, but its included part of clinical application experience of zhuang medicine, really to have the certain reference value, with salt hidden mountain ginger critical dry, Fried soup drink to air conditioning; Mountain orange broken gas, tokay cure pulmonary disease, betelnut remove RenZi dysentery warts, pour PE muscle, goat solution to Gregory poison, etc.

The GuiHaiYu after tang dynasty HengZhi "and" ridge outside FanChengDa and author of "for a week, but pass though not differ in guangxi officer for years, their local medicine to have an understanding of, and recorded, such as mineral drug, animal medicine recorded various plant drugs kind of treatment of malaria, a solution with functions of poisoning and aromatic herbs medicine, etc.

Judging from the document, zhuang area is rich in poison, manufacture and use of zhuang medicine is good at, besides the poison with soil and water environment in guangxi is about outside, with law at that time failed to fully implement relevant in zhuang region. Although for buying or selling poison, countries have a clear law, with poison harm who are given strict sanctions, or impose capital punishment. Therefore, in zhongyuan area business poison is illegal, but in a remote ZhuangXiang, due to traffic inconvenience, beyond the ruling class, these laws to take effect. From the theory of "the pathogenic syndrome who recorded the lingnan slang use five poison, and" cubits square "mentioned backup nasty" slang medicine poison ", fully explain zhuang region produces in the poison, had entered through the sale of zhongyuan.

(2) the sprout of pharmacology

Strong drugs increased and use of the accumulation of experience, for the formation of zhuang medicine pharmacology provides basis and conditions, tang and song dynasties, except the recipe books, the author attempts of TCM posted part of detoxification of lingnan income also, cure miasma, including strong prescription medicine, shows zhongjings prescriptions of zhuang medicine pharmacology, the daughter YaoFang bud "and" a thousand of JinYiFang, collect many lingnan square. In particular, liu zongyuan after exiled for huzhou officials, who had many diseases, for treating and preventing, he modestly to local people learn, personally, mining, planting Chinese herbal medicine, since the drug homemade. Liu zongyuan local pharmaceutical r&d experience, with its own treatment experience, compiled a "liuzhou save three dead square", describes the cure furuncles, beriberi and cholera SanAn.

(3) remedies classification appeared "lingnan party"

1161 ZhengQiao's in the history in further will present "for 26 categories, including subdivide lingnan square class five of the nine volumes, should include zhuang medicine inside. Classification of lingnan square a set, signs include zhuang medicine, the southern minority nationalities in traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical the clear position. According to the lingnan health square "preface and subsequent lingnan, when there were the raging lee LiJiGao lingnan beriberi theory", the "history" ZhengQiao southbound square the "load by the CDC to lingnan effect square", "wide south habits of fang.

(4) emerged in some of the more famous zhuang medicine

In song dynasty, recorded, famous in literature has surname of famous doctors, in zhuang region has two position. "Meaning county volunteers" account: "the song dynasty, the city yukon acupuncture medical USES, to the beam in holes in the Philippines, YiRen, given the pak, three needle, profile and acupuncture books, people have all made the patient, the needle. Although colour, but with a myth in a certain extent reflects the superb technology of zhuang medicine acupuncture. The guangxi history "(Ming dynasty recorded:" ten years), YuZhongChang, your county easterners, little industry, not selfseeking, Confucianism is vulgar officers chosen, le alms, fine herbalism, treat people do not blame the quote, XiangRen be signior, name for PianShen to master more ram. Its beauty Yang

(5) to anatomy and physiology and pathology cognition

Between northern guangxi appropriate mountain qingli periods emphatically, once there was a farmer county, the ruling stage uprising in HuaJiu trap wild jimson weed was the European leaders such as prisoners, van uprising, and life YiZhou all killed WuJian and push officer work of song dynasty painted an autopsy, yue ", drawing into Europe and viscera figure "van. This is our country the first a real draw maintains the anatomic figure, it is mainly about the map of human gut, liver, kidney, heart and omental anatomical location and forms such as recorded mostly correct.

(6) the understanding and treatment for malaria

Miasma, is common, ancient zhuang region of guangxi known as "ZhangXiang" say, as the GuiHaiYu HengZhi "said:" dysentery, by comparing the emotion of guilin, without that, all ZhangXiang yi and south, guangxi the rainy climate is hot, and the main reason is caused, conjuring dynasty not only for miasma of zhuang medicine etiology and pathogenesis, and understand the preliminary classification and using local formulae for treatment. Zhuang medicine said miasma including many diseases, and is not a disease, it shows the ridge outside generation answer "said:" the south of all disease, all xiang-cheng dysentery ", according to the pathogenesis of zhuang medicine miasma, dysentery, huangmei season is divided into grass dysentery, new shocks HuangMao dysentery, dysentery; According to the nature and divided into cold symptoms dysentery, hot dysentery, dumb with dysentery, conjuring the practice, fight of zhuang medicine has accumulated abundant experience. In addition to the herbal works of tang and song dynasties of lingnan governance posted many drugs, "dysentery outside of lingnan health fang recorded a lot of lingnan man," ridge outside dysentery experience for a "is recorded zhuang areas use acupuncture treatment experience of thermal dysentery" canaanites hot dysentery send a, 2, to the lower lip, acupuncture, dysentery, had sent by... the disease has been in the dying patient, thorn and the penis and ". For miasma of zhuang medicine understanding and treatment, enrich the motherland medicine content, say, in at that time is in a leading position.

To sum up, a period of zhuang medicine not only accumulated rich experience, and it appeared the rudiment of zhuang medicine theory. About the tang dynasty of zhuang medicine medicine, has introduced the concepts of Yin and Yang, to explain human physiology phenomenon and disease pathogenesis, promote the further development of zhuang medicine.

(serial, to be continued)