Chinese history (song dynasties) (series 60)

The first quarter harvard make, the medical medical education system and medicine

A harvard make, medical

A song handed the emperors generation, importance of pharmaceutical enterprise, repeatedly about medicine and health issued by the imperial edicts and formulate, according to regulation, the song dynasty history song kill album draft version of the song punishment tasseled records, in the northern song dynasty only issued medical and health to have more than 200 Tiao in the feudal rulers, is incomparable. In these medical imperial edicts to send in the prevention and treatment of disease most physicians. In addition, still went about solicitation, calibration, compilation medical books; Organize social charity and hospital; Reform and popularizing medicine education; Improving medical and physicians social status; The reform of old customs and banned wu wizard, which offered to sell drugs, implement JinKouYao monopoly; Publications issued revised or materia medica; Reuse Taoist doctors and medical CaoZe doctor etc. Harvard make

The song dynasty mostly followed the law "regulation. The song dynasty stockings "is the punishment of a code, relevant medical ethics, medical accidents, people medicine, food hygiene, health care, prisoners medicine health management medical management have formulated the regulations, regulation will punish the doctor's responsibility to differentiate between accident, technical incident will not, make the doctor was manslaughter. Also crafters, maid, soldiers of the people below such as medical security problems for specific provision. Food hygiene, made of meat every meal or the Augustan who feed ban made respectively sin and impose ground staff of sin, in fact is the song dynasty food hygiene law. "The namesake" on the song punishment series about punishment who got married the law ", followed by regulation provisions fixed down. About prisoners pharmaceutical also has a regulation, to cause should give food and clothing medicine, inducing prohibit torture sick. To ensure life, prevent abortion, babies conceived make any kao decisions, after obstetrics penalties on the proclamation.

The political dynasty to medical whole, many measures has its progressive significance at that time, but also some law is designed for the feudal rulers service and conclude, or indirectly connected with the interests of the rulers, and article provision does not coincide with the specific executive often, even ACTS with formality.

Second, the medical system

The song dynasty the medical system follows tang and somewhat reform system. The medical administration and education each incorporated institution of medical respectively, management. The academician courtyard palm medical physician politics and medical care. Cure too much innings for management education, then the medical talent medical caused by medical institutions and medical education a clear division of administrative and, each with dedicated, be helpful for pharmaceutical administration implementation and medical talents. This is the song dynasty has bigger than the previous generation of medical development is one of the important factors.

(a) the central medical institutions

The academician courtyard is the central high grade physician of administrative organs, medical and pharmaceutical, enshrined in government hands NaTing, courtiers diseases and army, school, folk disease epidemic sent the physician treatment, YuanFeng reign (1078) in June, the academician courtyard to the academician the physician innings physician, and its function is still.

The academician courtyard early physician, jia bestowed physician compiling massive physician court two years (1057) from the straight courtyard hair down, but then over-staff 142 people move, but the shadow of Syracuse willfully redundancy for its abuse, so dull. Two years (1120) marketing since and Ann doctor to venerate syndrome. Actually reach holy After three years (1121 marketing laid off, reduced to 350 forehead) the physician, shaoxing three years (1132) more commuted to 43 people. The official 90percent of song dynasty and employment, this official regardless of their separation, the physician position first, huizong monarch use in its drawbacks discrimination politics and two years (1112), change for WenJie WuJie physician position, total 22 order, and Ann doctor, doctor, ChengAn doctor into and from six is tasted, it is for the highest medical palaces, the academician medicine for taste, the lowest from do.

The employment, choose academician the physician above 40 after examination by righteousness or party undergraduate pulse medicines, amounting to six or seven points general for qualified. In order to complement medical physician, excellent ChunXi 15 years (11.88) in September, fabricated from among princes life, military BaoJu talents in folk doctors county, the examinations, attend the encore, eligible five provinces try to take a supplement, esther, secondary provincial try practicing doctors, five people take a, achievement for the academician medicine, six bawangfen-tongxian arrival and complementary syndrome.

(2) a state county physician system

State county also have the physician. YuanFeng six years (1083) regulation doctor amount: Beijing mansion section within 10 people, the little square more than 3 people, chakras in 7, fong pulse 2 people, county every million households 1 to 5, 3 people above, fong pulse 1 person, in case of lack of and sent officer in calendar acquisition recipe books try to five, ten ways righteousness for qualified, to post the supplement. The first door (our politics) stipulates: Beijing mansion and medical doctor (set in zhongzhou medical doctor) politics and nine years to recast, each 1 person, assistant under a state medical doctor 1 person, the state medical doctor, ta que, select medical doctor by the state excellent supplements; If no qualified personnel, choose to proiders examinations, the post by medical; Ta, doctors medical skill not jing, treatment ShiWuZhe, more than by the superior inspection are correct, pharmacies filled a sin-offering.

(3) national drug agency

The song dynasty is progress, drug management computer has specialized in pharmacy, is often use, and agents, treatment of disease. And a royal medicine institute for emperor queen, pharmacy and much by competent eunuch.

1, still in the house of drug administration of provinces, for six still innings, (yet food, medicine, yet still Yun, still clothing, still shed, one is chariot, with Canon gilles) in 2, 4, 6 or gilles prison doors 2 or 1 person and doctors. In addition, it is food bureau medical four people with food, like the emperor triumvirate of nutritionists dietary today.

2, royal drug court to word three years (A.D. 997) Settings, genera in waits provinces. At first royal medicine institute in waits in inside in RenZong days, three people holy four years (1026) and buy on the royal medicine and how to 9 enshrined royal medicine. Chung two years (1103) temple in royal medicine institute of all things change for royal herb tea to pharmacy management is, given the royal drugs, and an important addition in the prison officer 4 people officials. Gilles

Royal medicine institute in secret recipe, duty is to test when agent and drugs into the imperial and offering the use of banned. In addition, keep processing processing, purchasing tribute drugs at home and abroad in medicinal herbs, officials also often miserable to differentiate, such as representing the emperor in side give medicine, rates are handsome princes sending medicine to cure too much epidemic.

(4) official pharmaceutical factory and a pharmacy

The song dynasty, the drug was listed as monopoly ShiYi affairs sell medicine manages. XiNing nine years (1076) god Pope imperial edicts undo merger old familiar titles, and medicine, sell a medicine in capital and kaifeng Settings cure too much innings, also called ripe medicine, repair and sell a medicine pharmacy appellative. Committee producer and sales medicine, and the founder of drug administration officer. Practice medicine than the sold medicines, very convenient use crude by doctors and patients welcome. Business for one year, ShouXi money Min, alongside the obvious benefits. Chung two years (1103) ripe ning to increase by 5 drug, another set "fix" that fits the medicine for the pharmaceutical workshop, two places. Politics and four years (1114) "fix that fits the medicine" as "medicine", and "cooked mixture innings that" as "medicine medicine huimin bureau". The shaoxing six years (1136) in which a ripe medicine linan four place, one for and agent innings, by the academician courtyard choose the physician medicinal physician distinguishes check. Shaoxing eighteen years (1148) change ripe medicine did, "" peace huimin innings with that familiar medicine except daily preferential price to sell drugs, to the folk medicinal place wholesale, exchange outside, still set every summer, winter and epidemics are applied to drugs flow system of medical, turn on each other system, pharmaceutical inspection system, etc. The formulation and implementation of these systems to promote the development of medical careers in China history of medicine has its positive significance. The establishment of ripe medicine that makes the pharmacopoeia has been popularized and agent, medicine used to people, some popularity brings convenience, heal disease is one of the distinctive features of the development of medicine song dynasty. But the original is the drug administration disabled.we people, with the growing corruption of the song government, became a figurehead.

(5) and medical related charity

1, AnJi fang government set disease fang asylum, give poor friendless pharmaceutical care patients appeared in the northern and southern dynasties, tang with sorrow field set up the forestiers lane. The song dynasty disease fang Settings are bigger development. Chung ning reign (1102 AnJi fang in each) both friendless, asylum poor disease who give medicine. Patients living in accordance with illness weight different room, "in case JianRan", and a kitchen herb tea diet with modulation up. Otherwise keep Jackie courtyard asylum in word, hotel princes disease who cannot shelter, the wheels poor doctor, initiate recover after give money meters sent also village. The government AnJi lane to the doctors and management personnel of a disciplinary regulations, and appoint officers often procuratorial. In addition, when local gentries also have personal contributive establish disease fang, philanthropy, were sick. Poor friendless The song dynasty, the doctor with ward illness lane and record with the treatment effect, "mistakes" (similar to hand calendar, so the medical record), its annual performance organization has gradually with "hospital" prototype, Richard ZongShaoDing two years (1229) rendering (Tibetan today pingkiang diagram of suzhou museum) has seen a "hospital" places records (song governed by three years (148159 liters) suzhou, this mansion namely pingkiang suzhou) today.

2, raise hospital in the tang dynasty in the sadness raise court began TianFuTian court. SongYuanFu reign (1098) set in huai road, raise GuanGuaGuDu chief since the poor cannot save, the month give rations, sick to medicine. Chung micro Pope given name ning four years, "habitat keeps courtyard" in the adoptee rations, daily money, winter, the government charcoal money there are specific rules.

3, fukuda court, before SongRenZong matriculating thing two fukuda courtyard, has placed the old disease beggar, jia bestowed 1063) increase for eight years (north-south two fukuda courtyard, each courtyard a roof, each between 50 to 300 people raise forehead, built-in years to pull money five thousand penetration.

4, leakage ze garden between YuanFeng 1078 ~ 1085) god (in KaiFengFu buy once Pope publicizing GuanDe charge was buried, building. Chung ning three years (515) huizong monarch letter again choose high expansion all promote life geographical leak ze garden of barren, buried KeSi or those who lean without buried the critical declines. There should be formulated leakage ze garden, who was buried on the registration area and depth has cavernous specific requirement. Leak ze garden established objectively improved sanitation to prevent epidemic diseases, has some positive significance.

5, Keats nine young bureau chun bestowed 1249) Richard Pope to (GuanTian 500 mu, in linan create Keats, adoption of young innings, and buy newborn abandoned the childless nurse to feed, can adopt. The establishment of kindness for young innings, the HaoShi foundling homes

6, the long-lived extract and museum was founded in politics and four years (1114), is GongRen forestiers place were court, located in the northwest corner of the reigns of building set. Seven years (1125), marketing ennui withdrawn. Under huizong monarch

7, prisoners court this court also allege illness as the reason for the jail, JianFan cure for the hospital. True ZongXianPing four years (1001), today the road for prisoners courtyard, heal the rod) - thieves, ACTS, flow above prisoners, the other prisoners have released on medical parole.

Three, medical education

Tang dynasty is not stable medical education, reform and development, it has medical administration and medical division, became national highest medicine cure too much bureau education institutions, local also has "medicine" special training medical talents.

(a) country education institutions of medical

Cure too much medical education establishments, bureau of beginning to the RenZong 1044), qingli periods emphatically four years (temple too often in the academician courtyard with offsets cure too much, medical classics physician lecturing selection. After wang anshi reforms, carry out three pieces ShiFa, education reform medical rises. XiNing nine years (1076) cure too much innings in Li no longer too often temple, become medical education specialized agencies, the development of medical education independent open first, buy lifting and innings convicted, tube hook officer. Innings with the knowledge to medical students, palm medical professor certified.

Usually every spring enrolling students with 300 people, forehead, take "three pieces ShiFa" grade teaching, rise up (junior) outside within 200 people, elementary school) 60 people up (senior), on shekels (forty people. Set FangMaiKe, needle families, ulcers secco three major. Undergraduate students must and the other related disciplines, the so-called "three tong 13, which requires all branches of the" basic knowledge of students has extensive.

(1) FangMaiKe: required size square, and pulse and wind families by ", the sla pulse in treatise on febrile disease.

(2) needle secco: compulsory needle, moxibustion, grunting, throat, eyes, ears, and acquisition by three part acupuncture huangdi ", the theory of "due.

(3) -resistant secco: compulsory sores swollen or broken, JinChuang, books huangdi forbidden, and acquisition by three part acupuncture "and" a thousand JinYiFang ".

Three required public course is the grain q ", "difficult" and "the pathogenic by syndrome, the theory of" patch note materia ", "the daughter YaoFang".

In WangWeiYi invented by acupuncture and teaching in casting, acupuncture and tong ren, but also directly in medical education teaching a creation.

Examination of the university law, visit established a strict system. Once a month, private try once a year and try. Achievement is divided into optimal, flat, no third. Good for those within each year, rise up, who once failed attempt to rise up. Also according to the student virtues and technical level, will go up pieces, which is divided into the upper third. Students learning period to combine the theory and practice, in addition, participating in the studies, turns the diagnosis TaiXue, law for the students to learn, kung fu and each year, according to heal soldiers camp of each student records on the clinical results, according to the curative effect of high-low is divided into the upper, third, its mistakes, deserve penalties, deliberate weight, or suspended from school.

YuanFeng after the reform of ChangLi Li too, cure too much innings limit, students of 300, a pulse (120) and wind division (80), and small square veins (20), eye (20), sores swollen and fold injury (20), obstetrics (10), grunting and throat division (10), acupuncture (10), gold Zu and book (10) forbidden families after death, god Pope, wang anshi, medical education new days discount the "three pieces for ShiFa" were also abolished rises.

Chung two years (1103) micro temple in guozijian set up other imperial edicts Pope "medicine", absorbing the Confucian scholars sutdy medicine, create a cultural literacy medical talents, to change the social status of the medical education recovery "three pieces of medical ShiFa" rise. Because, when five advocacy of huizong monarch shipped six gas said prevail. Luck also become the study, one of the subjects will be listed on try subjects.

Male try after passing the medical technology exquisite, select the following vacancy pharmacy physicians as each in its 3g and the rest for the officials, or pie, Ph.D., are recorded, or committee for the outside state medical professor.

(2) local medical education

Medical education also relatively where song dynasty developed and popularization, jia bestowed six years (1061), each word, state, mansion modeled cure too much innings teaching way, and set up local medical, absorb local students choosing officers tube medical, practicing medical doctor workshops, the hook, learn in books and appointed a full examination official for local physician, eligible added. Students in 10 people quota big county in July, small county limited human limits, including small square for three people each pulse professional.

Politics and five years (1115), state, county medical belonging to local lifting learn things division, student education, set up branch jaipur points and curriculum is imitated cure too much innings.

(serial, to be continued)