Chinese history (song dynasties) (serial 63)

Basic medical progress fourth quarter

A, anatomy

In ancient Chinese dynasty in history have important achievement anatomy. This period studied twice before and after the anatomic activities, and produced two human anatomy map - the European and van five zang-organs figure "and" save really figure ".

SongRenZong qingli periods emphatically 1041 ~ 1048) between (Europe, guangxi local government was executed 56 rebels, van, etc, the anatomy of the dead and YiZhou angiographic WuJian (a push officer for spirit with doctors and painter Jane) is carefully observed these bodies of internal organs, and depicted by painters song dynasty, this would be the European map of viscera figure "van. The facts of the later at that time and many annals and notes corpus FanZhen central recorded (chronicle "volume jaipur" east ShenKuo "MengXi, YeMengDe took" volume 26, the rocks down under, zhao said "volume and the record" roll back bingo four, lee togeher the song dynasty history "volume 16, the YangZhongLiang m.adereth TongJian chronicle of recommendations" volume 49, ZhengJing wall of the drama about record "etc. Are all or details of its recorded or slightly lost z), displays, difficult to know its already tagging shiji details, from YangJie" save "quote from a true picture of the WuJian contained in one paragraph, the western can save out the true figure" cloud:

"Appropriate thief Europe when herod was punishment, state van WuJian make painters drawing on publicans to remember details of its certificate. And WuJian cloud: 'every day herod profile Europe as six abdominal van fifty, all the details there, throat on three: a obsessed with the food, water, the spirit, and a blow not in crime, each, the intentional under, lung, liver and spleen, stomach and intestine under a small intestine under both colon. Small intestine content, e., jade-like stone clean for Zi shouts. E. beside the bladder. If there is a larger, heart, square one, outsiders who elderly, oblique, qiao, till the who, without opening, only those heshbon is bounded similar heart,..., such as painted stillness. There is only the liver, the tablet, yu three tow who is a kidney, the right of the micro in liver, spleen under the left in a slightly. The latter have in mind. To right the left by dry cough, then more lung disease and bravery black; Europe around less orders, liver disease, the bald and don't inside and outside of the should be. The yellow lipid aimless.'"

Judging TCM literature is known to the human body, WuJian angiographic viscera the location and relationship between the description, compared to the previous XiangMing and accurate much, in fact he has noticed right kidney than the position of left kidney and slightly lower, this is a remarkable discovery, he pointed out the heart of the left (self-evident spleen, liver is on the right), from the morphology of the right hepatic corrected left on the wrong cognition spleen. However, the article expounds WuJian still has some mistakes. Due to age conditions, we cannot with limited measure of blame. "Uefa and viscera figure," not only in van has physiological anatomy in anatomic certain achievement, also have the precious discovery. WuJian have cloud: "be dry cough, is sick." black lung and bravery Prolonged illness cough and send lung color the blackened anatomic phenomenon is possible. The anatomy found not only to the fact that TCM "have all inside will XingZhu zang-fu theories, the" first opened, and from China medical history changing patterns of human gut for the causes of the body surface symptoms precedents.

"Uefa and viscera figure" van is the oldest known human anatomy mapping. However, the influence of the history, the reality is less concerned with YangJie were subsequently picture of the real. The true figure "is gradually with chung ning between (1102 ~ 1106) YangJie and painters by physicians observed according to their SongTing executed by the rebels Ku angiographic profile drawn into the anatomy of the viscera maps. The true figure "to save remaining, the early qing dynasty WenYuanGe bibliography" and "brook ancient pavilion, MaoShi collection catalogue of all necessary of description. Yuan, Ming period of some remedies the anatomical map is transcribed text, with its prescriptive picture of the true although has now lost, but its part by these remedies but and can be preserved. From the deposit that draw very true picture of specific, it not only thin Jane a human viscera positive side and chest, and spreads and flank a points system, division: the map, such as lung side drawing ", chest visceral right graphics; The picture of a side for the head of the chest chest, the map of major vascular relations; "Qi hai horizontal film figure", for the diaphragm is it through blood vessels, esophageal etc form diagram; The picture of the spleen mesh bag department for the digestive system diagram; The water, draw a picture of railing of the urinary system; The large intestine the fire, of bladder, draw a picture of the genitourinary system. The graph and painted text broadly right.

The true figure than the deposit of champions and viscera figure "van has a great progress, this progress is not only the more detailed with true picture of concrete and more precise. Such as "Europe and viscera figure" think throat van three qiao, but "save really drawing" is obviously painting shows a throat only two qiao, corrected the former mistake; "The mood but drawing" drew the heart and lung, spleen, liver, kidney and other organs connections, this is the blood vessels in ancient China in the history of physiological anatomy important discoveries. However, the true figure "save exist in some limitations, for example, it says kidney have a tube in direct discharge before Yin (pure), and leakage painted the pancreas, etc. Nonetheless, the true figure "will be put on ZhongYiShi most value, the most accomplished part of the anatomical figure.

The true figure with release of "later, soon replaced the viscera figure of Europe and van in anatomy, become the position of field at that time and later the physiological anatomy graph model. After the song dynasty described in medical record of human viscera graphics and text, base on the deposit is taken in the true figure ".

In the sixteenth century ago, human actual anatomy in Europe, "rarely see champions and van five zang-organs figure" and "save really drawing" appeared in China and its influence, explain the level of human anatomy, early in the 11th century had been in the world of that time was leading position, but instead of the long period of feudal society bound, no further factors developed.

Second, etiology and diagnostics

(a) by bo return about etiology

Since the tang dynasty to the northern song dynasty hundreds of years, this paper present the innovator etiology basically all the theory of "the pathogenic syndrome. During the song dynasty no choice of the physicians Chen exploring a new path of past dynasties, he accumulated rich content of the etiology, highly generalization that etiological theory gained about development by bo return, breaking the hundreds of years etiology stagnant situation, he stressed:

"But six days of the Yin, the gas, the risk is often since meridian inflows, first in the suitable for viscera, because the abnormality. Lots of emotions, from the first, is moving YuFa, appearance in zang-fu in body, because for its like diet be hungry is full., that call, utterly injury is angry god measure, exhausting the extremely stretchy, Yin and Yang violations, and even dangerous poisonous recursive Wo fold, Zhu, JinChuang attached, feared them drown, pressing for external, common sense back."

Here, choose according to causes of without Chen sources and pathogenic process will be the etiology for three categories: external concludes, refers to the climatic factors, namely, also includes six evils; the gas hapen epidemic Internal sentiment factor, which refers to the seven emotions; No external cause, refers to the internal and external causes all the factors, including outside inappropriate diets, overworked, sexual, trauma, accident etc. This kind of induction and generalization of the nature of the various causes for etiological theory have who-gets-thrown-from-the - later role, becomes the basis of medical the causes classification.

(2) diagnostics innovation

Pulse is important in song dynasty progress, and produced several chakras to learn or pulse of learning as the CuiJiaYan diagnostics monographs, such as the MaiJue ", liu open the ShiFa MaiJue "and the illness guide" and other, till to the popularization and development of these works pulse learn to play a positive role.

Song of the CuiJiaYan written MaiJue necessary "(also called the chey MaiJue", "CuiZhen contacts breaches", "violet virtual MaiJue") is a SiYan written by GeJue form catholicity pulse learning monographs. It with popular method of writing expounds the basic principles and methods of pulse, such as cunkou's pulse physiological basis, cunkou division and often arteries and veins, cunkou ministries that the main viscera and pulse body parts, late, number and float and sink to the four basic standards of pulse, five zang-organs often chakras. "Seven eight miles of nine tao" watch pulse pulse condition, pulse disease of mutual and Richard, all kinds of disease and syndrome pulse condition and various pulse condition Lord of disease and pulse should cut wisenews etc. Although this book in pulse theories and methods in little breakthrough, but is more complex esoteric successfully with concise XiaoChang pulse learn knowledge were summarized and the form of expression, facilitate beginners acquisition, easy to generalize recite and master, that a later study and teach the important chief source, pulse method for other repeatedly pulse learn what works for reference.

CuiJiaYan song another medical, the disciple liu open (word three, number after true son) his "MaiJue" (also called "after true son pulse method", "Mr Liu MaiJue" in three writes in 1241, also a universality pulse learn monographs, liu open not copy chey and do not have new idea.

Liu is floating or sinking, late, number for basic pulse condition, with the wind, gas, cold, hot respectively by the four basic pulses of basic disease and syndrome Lord. And according to the powerful and powerless to distinguish pulse of disease and syndrome nakedness; According to inch, customs clearance, feet, three part and the attachment of the triple the relationship. With three department pulse condition diagnosis triangle disease and syndrome, then press the left and right of the pulse and the derrnatopathy each car insides relationship, diagnosis of disease and syndrome. Thus greatly simplifies the pulse learning contents, caught pulse learning program; Its proposed in the relationship between pulse condition advocate ill pulse learning theory also have certain innovation, learn to diagnose pulse made a contribution.

The song was ShiFa guide is a disease mainly by pulse learning contents, its contribution is diagnostics monographs he first creatively mapped the pulse condition figure. In the ShiShi till the "guide" ill (" will learn literature in the pulse mentioned in accordance with its pulse 33 kinds of feeling to portray under one refers to the graph that displays in order: "seven table" -- float, Kou, smooth, solid, string, tight, flood; "Eight" - micro, heavy, slow, astringent, late, and fell, but, the weak; "Nine word" - long, cu, short, virtual, knot, prison, dynamic, fine, generation, number and big (11) : "actually seven dead pulse" -- the sling stones, solution finches peck, claims, house leaks, shrimp swimming, fish xiang, kettle boiling.

Figure the throbbing pulse circle says the area and interval or's pulse the depth of cut press range. All kinds of graphics is circle of various under the image of pulse condition refers to describe, for example, feeling the pulse line pulse shaw in line above, say the circle pulse dynamic parts shallow, quick, and sink lightly in the veins in the circle line pulse, said the pulse below the midline moving parts is deep, heavy pressed only; KouMai pulse shape images of the ointment, press hollow is trapped (" if press Onions tube "); Volt veins deep volts not now, so no pulse condition figure circle pulse lines; The graphics for a string is small circle, said the pulse "such as dish rollerball", exchanges fluent... These visualization pulse condition figure reflects the basic characteristics of various pulse condition, it is more than pure text description for beginners, intuitive, and clinical experience on identify each pulse condition has certain help lasalle. ShiFa pulse condition figure, is a meaningful attempt, we should affirm its historical value.

Third, the arrangement in treatise on febrile disease research

The song dynasty put to flat in two years (663 with calibration remedies sanpo tenshoho shinan treatise on febrile disease, and its made high evaluation, XiNing nine years (1076 years) listed in the song cure too much office will medical students' book compulsory course, this causes the treatise on febrile disease academic status unprecedented increase. "Treatise on febrile diseases, the book is greatly popular research treatise on febrile disease, a deeper and common great progress has been made in tang dynasty, there are many famous dedicated to the subject," emerged a large number of typhoid fever "proposition research work.

The song dynasty treatise on febrile disease research characteristics is paying attention to the practical application in clinical practice, not pay attention to the original comment and textual research and provision of false order; editing The song dynasty physicians treatise on febrile disease is quite honored, but it is regarded as a "and not the word" change, provision is often choose hired, formulae are often choose other books and I experience to be supplemented. Physicians were used in the study of the method is also quite rich, six-channel cent card, Israeli class card, mount class certificate to disease in meridian of card, with eight principles, release six-channel choose this period are treated, etc, the commonly used method typhoid fever research work. In addition, as reflected in these books to tepid disease understanding, also very worthy of note.

(a) PangAn often and the content of "total disease

PangAn often had good cure typhoid and smell jianghuai region. Its existing works have the typhoid total disease theory ". The book includes two aspects of WenBing typhoid fever and content, the top three volumes discusses typhoid, roll a as six-channel cent card, volume 2 mount class certificate, roll with any card. Three Main examples ZhangZhongJing treatise on febrile disease and synopsis of prescriptions of the provisions are discussed, also not ZhongJingFang income part. PangShi typhoid fever understanding to have two characteristics, one is to emphasize the body upright in typhoid incidence conclusive effect. The so-called "brave gas lines, who were the timid stretches into disease" (PangAn often "typhoid total disease theory" volume one, 578, si ku quan shu 7.38 volume, Shanghai ancient books press, 1986); Second is the special attention to geography, climate, and the influence of drugs on the specific claims also describes. He thinks that jianghuai wide and warm place, only available to the summer solstice, guizhi decoction in between late ephedra sinica, cassia twig and should add radix scutellariae, green party after the summer solstice and must add altogether, big green, gypsum clearing the purging fire with detoxification taste.

About WenBing PangShi teats, were divided into teats plague will do with days WenBing cold WenBing into typhoid discuss: will the WenBing with the WenBing wisenews self-induction. PangShi theory WenBing focused on winter temperature of poison gas and ever-green self-induction is a grumpy old Yin and Yang wen poison, zang-fu with epidemic, the play is popular world, times each party may, a township or partial a WenBing, namely days did. His five seasons with according to attribute the zang-fu organs and meridians, will hold temperature poison into veins, alternaria blows, yellow flesh arias with, white gas science, black bone, and although this five kinds of temperature, it is difficult to classify beneath far-fetched known infectious diseases with today to link this also seldom play later. It is important that the days PangShi said WenBing from etiology, do pathogenesis, syndrome qi-deficiency, alopecia classification every aspect of typhoid fever, totally different from the heavens WenBing is rather do independence. People will PangAn WenBingXue home, as early when when comes from this.

(2) Korea with the injury and only exalted purport theory"

Korea's only the injury and exalted purport to theory of "law of zhongjing though widely, but already from treatise on febrile disease emerged out of the original, but few quotes, expounded the clinical experience aesthetic I interrupt load more than 40, book first party also are aesthetic my experience square, only in" but "the text emphasized bearing gas soup zhong-jing three.

The understanding of typhoid aesthetic foothold in two words, such as typhoid Yin and Yang etiology and pathogenesis, although he agree typhoid fever heat said, but think its reason is the sun begins within the square fever and stagnation. Typhoid disease diagnosis classification, he has paid more attention to distinguish the deficiency of Yin and Yang to fill, distinguish standard basis: first till's pulse pulse with the exterior-interior relationship ups, again in ups and downs don in virtual shing. Blithely inch feet He refers to inch pulse for Yang, feet for cloudy, shut vein pulse is bounded, such as former inch small, shut closed after fill, Yin Yang ruler was YangCheng Yin for conversely, take different therapies, therefore, secondly he attaches great importance to the climate climate structure.then, Yin and Yang ebb adjust yourself a prescription medication. Such as chun xia 2 season in the sun, teh aesthetic findings WenFaZhong are sweating method, loved light and clear and cubic chun are divided into three stages, and gradually pass into drugs increased temperature of drug scattered XieLi qing.

Anyhow aesthetic proposition is balancing Yin and Yang, against the abuse of the drug, warm in treatise on febrile disease of flexibility to cut. In addition, about Yang yellow alopecia and refund yellow, with onyang influence on later aiming.

(3) and "nanyang brachial zhu book of the living

Zhu humerus work is the book of the living, a book of nanyang zhu's reclusive decree integrating nearly twenty years study treatise on febrile disease, the experience of the name "without beg son at the beginning of the typhoid 100 asked. By comprehensive analysis method of zhu's assorts typhoid clause to q&a genre, and a hundred measures, typhoid qna pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation, treatment, the formulas of every aspect of Syracuse, and gather the daughter YaoFang ", "the secret to Taiwan", the peaceful holy benevolence formulae of the relevant prescription books such as complement.

In the pathogenesis, zhu humerus views on channels and collaterals theory essence. Six-channel release Can think he is the earliest specific exposition Hume's evolutionist, namely to foot three Yin Yang meridians three popular route and its physiology characteristic to analyze three Yin Yang zhong-jing three explained the clinical manifestations of disease and syndrome and preach become final outcome. Like typhoid a 2, considered sufficient sun in the sun, bladder withstand disease for ZhuYang will be YangYu explain fever, cold beam, the evil cold by this line route after explain head and neck strong pain, waist ridge strong wait for disease. He that by were similar. Quite deep impact on aftertime affliction, in general, advocate syndrome where evil to cause meridians with general pulse current, the nakedness of Yin and Yang, distinct, compare easy mastery. In drug therapies, emphasize not paranoid cool hot, advocates of climate adjustment according to the adjuvant treatment wisenews diet; Spring XiaYi cold, should be cool, autumn, winter appropriate hot should temperature. He agrees PangAn often use ephedra sinica, cassia twig and tsing lung parties when also describes the view to appropriate in the season, the spring of adding heat above products. The research on typhoid formulae, zhu humerus adopts Israeli class card, using the method of "treatise on febrile diseases in order to be entries. Gathering, relevant provisions in breaking, is more than one converged.

In addition, WenBing understanding of zhu's also thoughtful. In addition to the injured in cold winter, warm outside disease is also proposed with wet temperature heat two causes and typhoid irrelevant disease and syndrome. Points out the card and fever heat for similar soups, etc., should be white tiger, if be fever rule, multiplexing tepid medicine, will cause hair macular out. In the hot and humid wet temperature side, to add to the white tiger, not wet cangzhu heat while sweated sudoriferous, to become certificate.

(4) XuShuWei and typhoid works three

XuShuWei existing typhoid research work has 3 kinds, namely "typhoid 100 card song," "typhoid FaWei theory", "typhoid 90 theory", three books are from the original treatise on febrile disease, editing the genre of books, in combination with the faith of my experience, aims at explaining the treatise on febrile disease with the basic principle of clinical application.

The hui's academic thought mainly reflect the typhoid 100 card in song. The book to GeJue seven-character zhong-jing academic thinking, and described the genre in treatise on febrile disease GeJue with only in between original commentary form. In the book there in treatise on febrile disease, choose the concerning misdirected expensively living YaoFang ", "book of books such as add. The absence of unknown, chooses the theory of "the pathogenic syndrome books such as to be supplemented the pathogenesis of theory. The book, is to soak up the eight principles of dialectical play. Among the hui think people should be the first cause, outline of Yin and Yang, Yin and Yang not bian, the list of cold stare real mo contend. He will six-channel differentiation cent card and eight principles are related to each other. Refers to the three Yin Yang, three mido-suji for Yin. But SAN Yang in, the sun of tables, Yang Yang, less of a half mile of half a table, are those of the three Yin, the hometown of card when have a Yin and Yang Yang hot, the card: don't MoCheng in Yang, the white tiger, cap is its typical gas decoction syndrome in disease and syndrome, Yin cold MoCheng in issuing fewer shade, four inverse, Richard is a typical decoction syndrome of disease and syndrome. Unionizing cent card and semi-interior phase has each different list. As for Yang card like Yin, Yang, Yin Yin card ChengGeYang criterion more need pulse card and participation, pay careful bian, so make eight principles more specific, methodical, differentiation and typhoid six-channel differentiation and achieve reasonable reunification. So his theory in comparison of clinical treatment later typhoid traffic.

The typhoid FaWei theory "big contained hui learning treatise on febrile disease is the comments, the book gathered twenty-two papers, the help understanding treatise on febrile disease after scholars quite helpful. The typhoid 90 theory "is a YiHua sets. YiAn book The hui chose 90 different typhoid to check medical record, detailed and relatively faithful records, and also includes ten deaths after the case, every cases shall be analyzed and discussed the hui, reflects the theoretical level and treatment of high skill. For treatise on febrile disease theory understanding and Chinese medicine clinical work, still has certain directive significance.

(5) with the GuoYong died of typhoid fever of patch

For the GuoYong died of typhoid fever of song treatise on febrile disease research works the closest to the original book, citing the original appearance number and the most faithful a text, and the comments of the treatise than body part, namely typhoid six-channel card to "flat part and pulse," "plait pulse" article are basic to keep their original face editing. The arrangement and the pulse method, first general for six-channel card cure, time again for therapies and disease and syndrome, whilst still with "sweat spitting fire under temperature moxibustion thorn classification can not".

Book talk "fill fall" namely gather the grain asked ", "difficult" and synopsis of prescriptions of the syndrome, and the theory of "the pathogens, the secret to the platform of the brachial, PangAn often covering song of the ChangQi home, say supplement in zhong-jing treatise on febrile disease in que. From the textbook selection, card class arrangement, demonstration argue various aspects, all strive to meticulous and overall followings. Thus the book reflects both the academic views in treatise on febrile disease, to a certain extent, also reflects the "treatise on febrile diseases of TCM relevant typhoid academic before popular.

GuoYong pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation of typhoid of cognition, the influence of by zhu humerus treated for deep, the pathogenesis said and points meridians meridians, distinguishes pulse two-step dialectics, dissolve almost completely accept for has said. Therefore the typhoid fill wu of theory is that it may not to place the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid disease have any special original, but rather its academic circulated in the role of.

Four, luck doctrine flourishing

With "luck seven article" (refers to wang bing times plain question the "yellow emperor annotated in" the 19th to two ShiErZhong roll of the doctrine of seven essay on luck marked book) five shipped six gas theory, although the age formed earlier, but in the tang dynasty before it is known to Abraham, almost no practical effect. Until Donald baoying reign (A.D. 480 years), wang bing will "luck" add "seven piece of meat asked" and make comments sheds, luck after only doctrine known to the world, and gradually attention. Late tang dynasty in succession again appeared several luck theory monographs and designed articles, such as "grain asked six gas XuanZhu whisper", "tian yuan jade copies", "societies hidden purport" and "yuanhe age, with six gas by drug add law etc, which are hidden except the decree" has lost societies, the others 3 books the remaining, these a few books, but old titled wang2 bing pick according to its contents, all of the tang dynasty that textual research WangBingZhi name WeiTuo late personage.

SongRenZong jia bestowed SongYing ZongZhiPing years (to outskirts), by 1057 ~ "correction" will present innings contained "the editing again wang2 bing seven article" luck 24 volumes this "yellow emperor grain asked," selected as templates to be correction and written throughout the country. "Luck in wang2 bing times seven article" the "yellow emperor annotated plain question" plays nearly a third of length, it is being used as a medical classics - the grain asked "is an important part of the official written by, no doubt it was greatly enhanced the position in the field of medicine, expanded the influence of luck in medical theory. Therefore, the northern song dynasty and medical schools - cure too much innings medical schools will wang2 bing where the grain asked "time annotated as textbooks and will" luck "listed as one of the basic teaching try course. Late northern song dynasty, luck due to the theory of ZhaoJi gradually strongly advocated and promotion and enter the heyday phase, "holy qi jiqing by" and "holy total record" will luck doctrine in a prominent place. This measure not only in the country, and in the medics popularizing luck within the scope of the doctrine of theory knowledge, luck also reached raiffeisen influence and the application of an unprecedented boom.

LiuWenShu "grain asked into type of Mr Luck (hereinafter referred to as the luck of writing about Mr SongZheZong yuan in operators) two years (A.D. 1099 -). In all three volumes, encyclopedia of the form of illustrated for luck, thirty project portion of the basic concept and basic theory has been illustrated and play the principle, "luck of pure theoretical comparison about Obama, unlike the XuanZhu whisper" and "tian yuan jade copies as remote" because, no more plagues the contents of divination cheung. It faithful to "luck" the basic spirit of the seven papers, and emphatically gather. "Luck seven article" zhongyuan some concepts, principles and theories to explain and develop pattern, the book, with a length of five elements born grams Hugh flourish, ten dry, 12 teams, five elements generate number, Leonard sound, months built, ever-green climate, jiugong eset and other natural philosophy of the basic concepts and theories, but also to elaborate elucidating the theory of luck to facilitate understanding. "Luck" is on ZhongYiShi concerning Mr Part of more important luck theory monographs.

During the song dynasty, in its "three for overburdened extremely a disease and syndrome party for years of" in a dry and detailed and specific to issue the treatment five luck too inferior and six gas company which pathogenic card sixteen of the day first prescription. This is the treatment principles will be luck theories related to implementing the herbs, with the following the discipline of lobbyists and further development of luck after treatment doctrine.

Of the doctrine of song dynasty luck another characteristic is to emphasize luck have often change. The first clearly put luck for the swings the distinguishing ShenKuo northern scientists.

The so-called "often" means regular, regular changes, "change" for abnormal, specificity of change. ShenKuo think climate and the BingHou there often determined by the change, and luck the regularity of BingHou is in its climate, and besides specific change; So in application of luck when they can't glue holding theory, do not know to be a law flexibility. And when the earth shall be combined with the specific climate BingHou to be judge, st, total record jiqing luck (also admitted luck have often change of luck the don't reflect its theoretical pattern of discipline - "often regularly"; For a variety of reasons, luck also have variation; For change, is not constrained YuChangLi.

A variable is proposed for luck have warned people to flexible application of luck theory, with specific theory pattern will luck time combination of regional climate, often for change know. This notion has been widely in the response of the later.

(serial, to be continued)