Chinese history (song dynasties) (serial 64)

Section 5 formula of materia medica

One, the development of the song dynasty achievements and characteristics of materia medica

Song dynasty, especially in northern song dynasty, because of government concerned, paper making and printing progress and promotion, large quantities of knowledge of medical princes, and Confucianism in song dynasty literature before finishing, herbal medicine for a new drug discovery and urgently needs the objective requirement of experience summary internal and external factors, prompting materia etc of research and compilation work prosperity, a variety of BenCaoXue works published successively developed, and the pharmaceutical business in China is developing to new heights of materia medica bright symbol.

1, the new development of property theories of pharmacological "one word:" first in st by "jiqing. This period the main way and explain efficacy are based on "sexual flavour" and "law like". The compendium of materia medica yan righteousness ", "to the" holy alms drug "gas smelly" further play, the creation of "gas smelly doctrine", ShenKuo KouZong Shi, QianYi etc, realize that drug parts of certain selectivity, to be already began to explore the theory.

2, drug of the species in the increase and differential: now known poets of different drugs work of 1883, collect medicine is the new practice of materia medica tang dynasty, increased 1,033 kind of newly added drug 299 clock; Most commonly, such as for autumn stone, camphor, ginkgo, furnace Kennedy 100, carrot, mandalas, etc. Identify and crude drug and the investigation of the song dynasty is the important content of herbal works, the two song preserve 1000 picture drug sketch done; ShenKuo, ZhengQiao, early ChenYan, FanChengDa censured the actuality of drugs such as problems documents or on-the-spot investigation.

3, acquisition and planting technology improve: ShenKuo points out, not limited to ShiYue collected according to the medicinal part, regions, climate, planting conditions to differentiate between different dynasty, not commonly used medicine cultivars cultivated area of 70 kinds of, big, high output, this and will drug as important economic crops for cultivation about. Some foreign drug also began introduction.

4, processing and manufacturing punishment method of tend to finalizing: the song dynasty drug processing processing and drugs already in formulations, on the basis of inheriting predecessors' experience. Gradually perfect and preliminary to finalize the design, "and agent of char ZhongBao than in the same way the gun Xiao char ray must enrich theory" much more superior. The pharmacopoeia and agent from within, will Chinese medicine yinpian guns moxibustion methods as legal pharmaceutical norms. Until now, many are JuFang based.

5, markets and medicine strikes down further prosperity: the song dynasty developed commercial, handicraft industry, medicine further division official and agent innings and folk medicine fang increasing, greatly promote the development of the preparations and medicines. In addition to official medicine is also a druggist uninvolved, folk active. In the song dynasty there is no specific metropolitan bulk drug trading market regularly - markets. If SanTaiXian 97:129-134 states (now sichuan from every September) markets until September 11, name 9th et markets. Fixed location in metropolis of the herb is very much, such as north BianLiang (today kaifeng) famous herb have "100 kinds of garden herb", etc.

Second, comprehensive large herbal works

In the song dynasty, both comprehensive herbal works by the government which farourable hosted a compilation of the centralized, also have folk physicians personal discomforts reading, observe the practice, practice and legibly written presided over by the state government has enacted, BianZuanZhe similar to the nature of pharmacopoeia; While individual works not only for pharmacopoeia of supplement, even became the chief source, repair again in two pharmacopoeia song 300 years, hosted by the government issued by the state repairing bun, herbal works have 5 kinds, this is any dynasty can't match.

(a) "open treasure materia" :

(973) open treasure for six years, TaiZu namely imperial edicts fix zuan song materia medica. In royal LiuHan is medicine by MaZhi, the academician, Taoist ZhaiXu, ZhangSu physician, the king WuFuSheng, WangGuangXian from aggregates, ChenZhao encounter, Ann, since good nine people, take "the new practice of materia medica amended as the chief, and adopt the orphan of Chen zang ware compendium of materia of complement each other monograph books immaterial mistakes, corrections, added omissions, again by making comments MaZhi unity. Finally YuanWaiLang know from left company wanted Mongolia, the academician system hao bachelor Lou more details KanDing books such as Hudson add 20 volumes, named "open treasure new detailed decides materia". Song TaiZu sequence, for work by the quo zi jian ornamental board publication, this is the song dynasty first book of herbal pharmacopoeia sex revised, and even the world, China is the first board carve printing materia medica books.

Since the opening treasure new detailed decides materia "fix zuan hasty, quality not satisfactory. The following year, song TaiZu LiuHan MaZhi ennui life again as revised. The revision to the books "quite add". Finally by garden ZhiGao bachelor lee dynasty, known as king bestowed by heavy and so add collating, after publication of encyclopedia volume, fits the directory name for the 21st BaoChong shall open and referred to as "the open materia medica of materia medica" (" open precious precious herbal "actually include" open treasure materia "and" open "two books BaoChong set materia, and now many refers to the latter). The drugs were posted, including new medicine of 984 134 kind, it has over 300 years of tang "new fix materia" in historiography and appeared in ChuanChao fallacy has been revised. "Driving a compendium of materia" also emphasize on the essence of other herbal works, in new 134 drug, almost 100 are formerly generation in the herbal works, such as screen clam is the theory of "tw cannon moxibustion, usually from the sea medicine herbal arundinacea >.

The BianZuanZhe success of driving a compendium of materia for rigorous style, the style for the song dynasty other herbal works inherited revised. First is the first black and white words instead of ZhuMo points book, "the open treasure of herbal works before materia medica for the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked with ZhuBi copying the content. The famous doctors don't record "MoBi copying years with more easily confused; "Open treasure materia" change the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked as incorrect character (for), and the other Yin wen rest respectfully), black (clear eye-catching. Second, as with different source: such as marked text with "says" don "new fix materia", with "this new medicine with" says the new medicine of driving a compendium of materia, with the "tao" for the BenCaoJing secluded ZhuWen, "guo" this note "for the tang dynasty new fix materia" note. The BianZuanZhe, driving a compendium of materia "according to the documents, the words" today ZhuWen according to ", according to the medicine knowledge ZhuWen at this note "dubbed". This style regulations, to preserve the ancient materia literature made great contributions to the strict truth-seeking wind foot can way.

(2) "jia bestowed by herbal" and "map" : a compendium of materia

After eight years later, with the pharmaceutical development, the open treasure materia "has been behind The Times," herbal old by note, the carrying note drugs work shape, a very slightly unprepared place. "&fruit Jia bestowed two years (1057) correction remedies innings, the beginning of the first task is to undertake the repairs the open treasure materia "mainly participants have too ChangShaoQing straight jixian hospital staff sides YuanWaiLang YuXi, palm kakashi-sensei pavilion, the school house of Daniel Lin billion, Daniel kakashi-sensei ge school sensibilities, temple of zhang hole sensibilities SuSong, Daniel guan ge school QinZong right, ZhuYouZhang physician up by Chen, taizi today. Finally by light GaoBaoHeng responsible for Paul temple lol. A. l Spent three years in the watershed, five years (106) sino-forest in August, named for the book into the watershed shennong materia patch note sino-forest ", hereinafter referred to as the fine watershed of materia medica. In the course of compiling the YuXi etc and palm tang-style story, please compiled by the graph of materia medica, two books have fabricated must also editing and the work. "Jia bestowed in the open treasure of materia medica based on herbal), copy the new repair takes the" distinguish the herbal diagram for compiling the medication. By this leather "SongRenZong graph national each counties invoke cluding placed drug samples drug roots, stems, seedlings, leaf, flower, solid color size, and the shape of insects, birds and beasts, jade, etc, pursue piece of fur medicine, and drawing one flower, fruit, accept indicated in time, and efficacy, etc.

As for imported drugs, namely ask city and take drug proceeds of drug makers, each 12 liang, or just sent to seal ring city, to Angle for compiling the commentary certificates. This is after the tang dynasty once again the nationwide sweeping drug census. Will be collected more than 150 states involved in the county of drugs and foreign drug physical specimen, text, graphics and arrangement, editing classification discernment, spent three years in jia bestowed six years (1061) order to illustrated book by the graph materia medica. "Out by considering the chiral its body vision by the graph is different" is actually made up of materia medica SuSong one of finished drawing. "Jia bestowed 20 volumes, directory of herbal monographs 1 (10.82 species, including new drugs for new set 82 species, 17. In the course of compiling the YuXi etc, palm reference citation of literature information division, involving over 50 kinds of books, considerably more than the open treasure materia ". In addition to inherited the old style of driving a compendium of materia YuXi outside your own hands as extracted from ancient literature, the book add labelled "new repair", the folk to collect new drugs labelled "new set by palm YuXi etc, the content of his note said princes are euphemistically called the" YuXi etc to press ". "Jia bestowed more content for new herbal" of the open treasure materia part or the successive materia editing missing some of the discussion and lacks the theory of medicinal and calibrated remedies for elucidating the tenet of addenda collating innings in the principles are the same. The graph of the 20 volumes, a total of herbal medicines, and carrying a 780 635 draws 933 picture under the dictionary, this is our country medicine map carving the first board printing, the book also detailed drug map introduced the origin, configuration, drugs such as sexual flavour, efficacy, and recorded a lot of clinical experience, including notice especially when different rooms and national he help the medicine experience. "Jia bestowed by herbal" and "figure of materia medica supplement each other, two books complement the song dynasty materia research, to a new level.

(3) the patch note shennong materia heavy wide by "and" and graph prepared by the history of materia medica issuing ": a rush

In the fine after the watershed of the song dynasty materia medica pharmaceutical history appeared two important compiled by folk doctors, a comprehensive materia ChenCheng "heavy wide is patch note shennong materia and figure after"; One is the TangShen micro prepared by the history of nasty materia "syndrome. "Jia bestowed by herbal" and "figure of original material two books materia medica amalgamative, increase his collection of content.

(4) "grand materia" and "herbal" : politics

The certificate of release of "northern materia medica, successively appeared soon after two important version, one for the grand view of materia medica, one for the politics of TangShen micro book of materia medica, or because there is no into capital after its publication," do not preach, world book. "how Abraham 100 Grand, jixian court early SunDi meet the bachelor of book of materia medica, issuing love, life is by the subordinate officials correction, LangHang benevolence and county commandant tube sunwill YiSheng make things tick learning sequence, then raise capital, for the publication filled afterward.not board dates for the "the." For the first appeared in two years (1108), Japan was dubbed "the grand view of the history of materia medica, issuing of materia medica referred to as" the grand. "By the grand view of materia medica) the heavy ChenCheng shennong materia and wide fill note related content, the" graph and dubbed "don't say" thought mark. The release of "now materia praised gradually, and soon the miserable life CaoXiaoZhong CaoXiaoZhong physician, who led KanZheng zilin. In politics and six years (1116) books, named" governed by issuing new fix of the history of materia medica, hereinafter referred to as the spare in politics, "which northern materia medica revised last film, it is different from herbal works when driving a watershed, jiading-jinshan revised materia works based on previous times, but this revised by folk physicians in pure based on personal works. It is a revised from TangShen micro individual work, but the government, have written the revised the pharmacopoeia properties.

(5) the shaoxing materia ":

The song dynasty, the emperor shaoxing years, immigrated WangJiXian ZhangXiaoZhi, led by ChaiYuan, in GaoShaoGong etc, with the edict materia medica, repaired grand view of materia medica collation of dibon, zilin. Shaoxing 27 years (1157) August 25, in court by the secretary provinces polishing, 29 years, shaoxing guozijian publication for the publication of time. Books into, named the shaoxing university set after the history certificate for urgent materia ", such as the shaoxing materia ", it is also in the southern song dynasty the only the last part pharmacopoeia sex materia works. The book for 32 volumes, shih said 1 (total load, new drug 1748 add six GanShi, tin, such as furnace Lin fat, peas and carrots, parsley, gingko, etc for the shaoxing that new drugs, the book of materia medica is not "jia bestowed with literature of materia medica, but can according to grow perceptibly correction in clinical practice and actual observation added correction, also thoughtful. In addition, the book also has clearly property theories on the trend.

Three, rich and colorful folk herbal works

The mainstream of the song dynasty is undoubtedly herbal works large-scale comprehensive herbal works, meanwhile, the folk also been has many folk medicine herbal works. The various home Among them are the most famous, except the academic value high "card kind of materia medica), besides the other many comprehensive project materia works, has the content is novel, opinions, unique style etc penetrating different features, but also the song dynasty and the history of materia medica important constituent.

(a) clarify the comprehensive new herbal works

1, "the home RiHua son RiHua materia medica > : referred to as" the son of materia medica. For the end of those five yue, one nation unknown heals. The book, which have been on "Carrie were lucky in" the watershed of materia medica, citing know their skeleton sufficient information. The book value of property theories, all sorts of drugs is according to clinical practice curative effect is divided into cool, cold, warm, warm, hot, equality six, and pointed out that the same plant often different, and medicinal properties for parts, such as different from sexual flat, spear juice arundinacea cool; but sex Some drugs are different, because of different processing medicinal, such as dry, dry, the digitalis flat, and fire, and points out that the dry processing temperature change the role of anesthesiologists in on. In addition, the drug varieties introduction, drug form and original, origin, harvest ShiYue, cultivation, full system etc also has new records. In short, it is a high value of comprehensive herbal works.

2, the compendium of materia medica yan yi "late northern song dynasty, KouZong Shi: in view of" the jia bestowed by herbal "and" figure of book arrangement and herbal two aspects of definitions in "from succoth official is wrong, more than ten years, north and south" steal medicine, wide attention found himself observing practice, will "jia u-right" the 470 kind of herbal medicine, not completely definitions paper divides pay chromatography. Order to compendium of materia yan yi ", directory, 1 (20 volumes. The book on the drug's sexual flavour, efficacy, and authenticity, identify etc many incisive discusses and invented and herbal supplements the previous work has not prepared of speech, in case of doubt always by the actual investigation, according to a judge cannot be solved individual doubts, also seeking truth from facts to admit deficiencies, as in: the reality, "I today not dare son and I actually marin who more reserved." man Influential of later generations, XuHong, LiuXinFu correction entitled southern new YaoTu "of the" is will the book materia medica with the grand materia) and become, eds. ZhangCunHui heavy engraved "jin politics will the book of materia medica users attach into the behind. The yuan dynasty zhu Dan in the book on stream invited besides art1 function to be supplemented materia medica, writes into the" play book righteousness clear linkage.

3, the treasure of herbal compromise for kei ChenYan southern by doctors. Based on herbal books "at mix, the functional differences confusion," and "cut DuZhi around review". He referred to the southern materia medica works, the home to, in xiyang numerous zuan kei (1227) three precious book written compendium of materia essence, then by 20 years and the actual experiences in the much-revised watershed in chun 1248) finalized, eight years (anniversary for the treasure as materia medica of YuBaoYou five years, about compromise to get enough money (1157) carved rice blackwell. Encyclopedia 20 volumes, the drug-loading 789 kinds. Today, the remaining 14 volumes of drug 523. The book was quoted from the southern medicine, home YiYuan sour jinyun, a dozen, also from some notes Chronicles about material, the book quoting very the attention property theories, is the rare comprehensive southern herbal works, has high practical value and literature value.

In addition, the south song and several dapper herbal works, such as zhangsong comprehensive the compendium of materia day ", YiYuan the compendium of materia sets will be preceded the compendium of materia law, WangMengLong HuangBoShen prepared, "the compendium of materia of the day", jinyun of compiling of materia medica, pity is lost. Igawa from the treasure of the book, herbal compromise in Calvin "home writings that these writings in drug evaluation classification of layout, the introduction of new varieties have certain value.

(2) section to extract sex work

Section to extract sex from northern herbal works already began to appear, jia qi WenYanBo found the prime minister of early in the CaiYaoRen poured from medicine, cannot do the hand of knowledge acquisition medicinal herbs, and doctors also rarely proficient in this way, some greed and the folly of medicine, then draws production by the graph of materia medica "popular to cut" person, choose the number of publication, assembly, entitled "the day materia figure". And as cardinal of the southern BenCaoJing note quarter did, ". "Take materia drugs, delete the orphan of clever." soldano According to the arrangement of materia "syndrome, or with editing order classification teaching have particular concern.

Section to extract sex herbal works reflects the need of clinical application, reflected in ZhuLiuXing herbal works, personal based on the back by bo compilation about trend.

(3) project play sex materia works

And at the peak of the herbal pharmacopoeia works and rich content of personal comprehensive compilation, song dynasty compared herbal works play sex of herbal works project pale meagre.

1, the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked southern research: has appeared now know the earliest the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked the album - compendium of materia serious ", with "jia bestowed for dibon," herbal "orphan for three volumes" old album, and the content of the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked the textual research. This book to Ming dynasty still save, today has lost. Southern ZhengQiao had another literati writing "the compendium of materia 24 volumes, focuses on the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked the hydrophobic are annotated articles. The article to drop Ming beginning of the west physiology transmitting the root of Chinese magnoliavine was ranked.

2, single herb monograph DingWei, the northern song dynasty scholar, biography, detailed day sweet describes a drug varieties, agalloch eaglewood morphology, origin, collecting, etc. The YangTianHui subgroups of aconite book Ming said, detailed the load cultivates aconite, describes the medicinal plant form, method, the content such as identification. In addition the song dynasty and the calamus preach ", "the ganoderma lucidum ji ChanYing medicine is reviewed, all the books are.

3, good book: the song dynasty herbal healing classes with a lot of works, such as diet about when the huang tingjian five view), eat the food ZhengQiao of discrimination, has lost. Among them, "record" to raise conclusion wisenews is medicine of in royal zhao, the book written since after, really to emperor song zhenzong into yue, sore was renamed the adjustable meat diet chart "is a concise dietotherapy regimen works. Southern song dynasty last years hangzhou people in rural common LinHong trees for content, writes food into the mountain home of 2 (subject, many of these and related content, such as liuye soreness into the water cure" can shut. "soil shower" cold is broken cheese Dan blood with salt is venting, pure, take its factors. To some extent, "added the has not prepared herbal works.

4, materia atlas categories: in addition to the chart already mentioned before, "and" the quarter by materia to materia drawing "of coloured drawing or pattern, existing iso-effect song dynasty twenty-three herbal atlas have jiading WangJie rendering (1220) painter painted a copy herbal mapping. The book is WangJie survey of medicinal plant near CiYunLing linan, pursue medicine compilation, varieties and distribution name Hugh, use local materials sketch, plotted 206 drug; Medicine figure scale well-balanced, shape lifelike, its text briefly, and record drug sexual flavour, function, single million and alias, is a hangzhou of local materia works, is also the most ancient of coloured drawing or pattern that existing drugs mapping.

Four, pharmacology achievement

The song dynasty, were unprecedented proprietary theory also has become increasingly rich and colorful. With "peace huimin and agent for turning point, pharmacopoeia set by bo returns were on the road, the theory about also is valued. Make prescription to the standardization, a big step forward.

(a) the national organization arrangement compilation recipe books

The peaceful holy benevolence formulae 1, the song, "WangHuaiYin who invoke his ChunHua three years in collective compilation 992 years), the publication (100 volumes, is the" daughter ", "Taiwan" outside the secret after another recipe books masterpiece. It contained square, with the door first standards before every door ec square, with the theory of "the pathogenic syndrome theories about their first, then crown, therefore, is a collection with science, law, square, medicine, the complete system on later a little known effects. HeXiPeng qingli periods emphatically six years (1046) to the popularization of medical knowledge, abolish the witchcraft superstitious, the peaceful holy benevolence formulae, series of serious screening for the holy book HuiXuan square, the book is as its descendants used hundreds of years. Huang bestowed three years (381) officer were awarded the summary jizhong square "five volumes, is SongRenZong inductive place for lack of healing from the physician weeks in" the peaceful holy benevolence formulae XuanZhai writing prescriptions and point.

2, the rescue party "at 100 YongXi doppler also called" save square "Tuesday, total of 1000 volumes, is following the northern song dynasty had at the beginning of the holy benevolence formulae after once again by the big elites and prescriptions penetration HuangZhong lead compilation. Participate in the personnel and ZongNe written LiuXi, WuShu, LvWenZhong, DuGao, shu ya, wait, five-year, in YongXi three years (A.D. 848) finish this medical texts. Pity for book had numerous, not many popular, to southern that has been lost in the early.

3 and the taiping huimin and agent for pharmacopoeia, of the song government into and written in first medicine preparations manual. The first to "practice medicine", because the formula that DeCe ripe medicine, therefore cause cure too much bureau called the cure too much pharmacopoeia the shaoxing 1151 perfect (2002), renamed "peace huimin and agent pharmacopoeia, hereinafter referred to as the and agent or the pharmacopoeia pharmacopoeia. The book after repeated revision added until chun bestowed between (1252) to finalize the design, 1241 ~ XuHong edits in the southern TongHangBen now, has 10 volumes, the parties into the wind, to the gas and typhoid fever and 14 door, cure, each party shall first criterions except list after chief and drug outside, especially for drug processing printing preparation described in detail. Both formula manual effect, also facilitate the doctor and patient appropriate choose and buy medicine, and were in past dynasties, "and agent in pharmacopoeia actually following the typhoid miscellaneous diseases theory" home after my school doctor biggest influence were chosen one of the most effective prescription, which still contained for clinical commonly used.

4, st total record ", to jiqing late northern song dynasty, gradually by government organizations lasting publicizing seven generations differ widely solicitation of formulary embody and folk medicine into another recipe books, has 200 volumes, opus carrying nearly 2 million square first. St total record "sanyan jiqing was namely after getting difficult, though, currently filled afterward.not edition into southern enacted, the end not circulated. Generation jiangnan JinDaDing (1161 ~ 1189) years carving, yuan again greatness (1297 ~ 1308) years three minute, northern district can see this book, but eventually did not cause enough attention.

(2) personal recipe books works continuously emerging

The influence of by government attaches importance to medicine, the song dynasty scholar compiled prevailed, or finishing were ethos hide and personal secret recipe, home or collect folk prescription, of which some works in song dynasty history of pharmacology occupies an important position. If, ShenKuo writes, and the prescription of integrating the scientific attitude we persist in seeking truth from facts. Posterity will this square and su shi's experience side of the quarter, name and influence ShenLiangFang ", to Sue. N.minar writes JianFang ", "yi medical name, the book became so easy cater to the objective need of dominant in the world, and soon, or even replace the pharmacopoeia of power. The song dynasty famous recipe books and strict "alms with and the" XuShuWei born square of phuket ZhangRui "chicken skill square", "and so on, peak lifeline square to enumerate, present a thriving vigorous exuberant song dynasty pharmacology spectacle.

(serial, to be continued)