Chinese history (song dynasties) (series 65)

Forensic section 6

Forensic in history in China, and has made great contributions to the domestic and international has profound and extensive influence, its development especially in the most distinguished achievement of the song dynasty, the representative character and monographs SongCi "wash cause when indisputably JiLu".

A, death and raise the level of body phenomenon known

(a) ShiBan causes: the cause of JiLu wash the earliest known to ShiBan (blood drop) happens and distribution characteristics: "every dead, after a back, after underside, within, waist-leg... a micro red, and this person died check-up, always supine fell to anchor, veins to have this shock red, namely not chic and die." he so

(2) corrupt character: the cause of JiLu wash to describe the first science, and points out that the body corruption were first in two flank, giuliano former incarnadine micro green (corpse green); Behind the muzzle has evil juice outflow, maggots out TongShen fat bilge, lip, turn over, two eyes outstanding (giant yan MAO), herpes up (blisters formation); BianShen skin green black (hemoglobin infiltrates), flesh, bones are digesting revealed (white ossification), pointed out that the corruption by the late speed season, region and age, the influence of body fat thin, etc.

(3) maceration of son: "wash JiLu" was the first person to put forward cause with abdominal stillbirth outside dead baby identified law: "abortion son in the womb in die, tire XiaZhe was YiBao weakness, galleries, blood born outside the shadow the abdomen, the corpse talk about redness, without BaoYi galleries and white." Blood is what grows weak today in early maceration of son, 700 years ago China has found maceration of son is internal stillbirths characteristics,

Second, mechanical damage inspection method of progress

(a) the cut after death: the cause of JiLu first wash with bleeding and organization contraction two logo as cuts after death, and points out that the differential points before injury has its mark meat blade widening, skin tightening, skin shrinks bone dew, blood bank, flesh wound shadow four blood spend fresh color features, and died blade is meat mark together injured cutoff and was cut place skin not crunch, the shadow, blood of natural irrigation dry white wine.

(2) identification of fracture after death: the cause of JiLu wash before the feature is pointed out that the "original fractures by scars, blood viscosity bone dry black blood, to permit", "bone broken place, yuanjing in two each have blood YunSe. Again with a mark, look, red bone as before, but by playing live trenchant," "if no blood, the shadow is detrimental to fold, after death," in the shadow of blood mark unclear, put forward in GongYou umbrella under the cover of bone method, check the prophet of modern infrared inspection.

(3) to the determination of the internal cause: the JiLu "wash is put forward to injury parts and damage intensity, the method of combining judgement fatal proposed deadly position:" centers, Cong door, two frontal and two under the sun, throat, chest, breasts, two stalking ribs, heart, brain, take pillow, scrotum, valley way." Wait, but not hurt these regions were dead, combine damage degree consideration.

Three, mechanical suffocation identification method of progress

(a) cause: the constricted ditch JiLu "to wash the characteristic in the constricted ditch scientific description: general nine inch to one feet long, up from about until the throat or throat after about hair, and Samuel in" brain points SuoZi horoscope, don't hand over, "" character don't pay" is the important characteristics, constricted ditch nature of the ropes to influence depth: "with fine tight hemp rope, the draft on high death TouDu body, hanged himself in suspension is deeply, if use all traces of silks and white amplitude practice, item palmer thing such as lower, and in, then trace shallow." Cable ditches color general is purple red or black yu color, have blood shadow; After death remains relatively uncoiled color white, no blood, "the shadow of JiLu wash correctly noted that cause feet to the ground, knee kneel ground, BingWo various position in bed YiSi, both in the typical position of the groove, its overflowing hanged himself in a slightly different way namely, by

(2) the position of the tongue JiLu wash of cause, correctly pointed out the position and whether cable ditches stretch dentition tongue: "if the relationship of throat, namely mouth closed, jaws tight, don't arrive tooth tongue; if le throat, the mouth open, under the tongue out half tooth door to three points."

(3) YiSi other indications of the cause of JiLu wash pointed out there are other indications of puffing, bits, salivate had blood on body "leg shadow char like fire. And belly down to spot mark lower abdomen and fall down," the young, urinary incontinence. "Red" and "head bone teeth red".

(4) strangled JiLu ": the wash correctly pointed out the cause YiSi distinction, and strangled the strangled for several weeks, more than ropes around" more is to study and after the left, or when is determined. Right, there should be a department of endless if instead of place, "every thing strangled," who don't hand over, throat is rope next mark, but how flat, dark, deep in hair behind the ears, can also YiSi. Other distinguishes the characteristics of hair or a slot for: "slow, or body scattered along a bit wiping mark", "four bank, have pierced body longitudinal mark place for grinding. "In addition, to be unable to strangle after false also put forward some identification:" neck meat has a claw marks "refers to claw marks that dominates marks.

(5) drowned JiLu ": the wash correctly pointed out the cause of the important drowned had seen:" stomach distension, clap ring "(drowning gastrointestinal)," hand into some sand pads seam mud ", "mouth without foam" there.

Four, living inspection technology achievements

(a) crippled grading the song dynasty is compared to the clear rules (not favoured, celebrating the old disease of crime ") : 1, disability: a eyeless, two deafness, hand have no forefinger deep, foot without three fingers and thumb, without TuChuang limbs made without, long leak, major gall and swollen. 2, waste a disease: chi dumb, gnome, waist ridge fold, a limb waste, and so on. 3, tuk a disease: disease, tachiwakaba crazy, two limb waste and two eyeless, and so on.

The classification and broadly similar today, consider that crippled grading but motherland medicine, a great contribution forensic science.

(2) gender malformation:

Careful "guiqian general" and child essien miscellaneous collection of the suspected prison for each recorded two cases of sexual deformities case, three cases sexual crime, 2 cases were executed, 3 cases impose harsh. These examples are all men fake sexual deformities.

Five, the song dynasty and inspection system

(a) the song dynasty inspection laws:

Two song period is the development of Chinese ancient inspection system perfect period. The earliest and inspection relevant laws are emperor song zhenzong salty flat three years (10), (" song promulgated by the criminal law, want six, ") to participate in inspection inspection officers, initial certification, a review of all previous expressly, followed by court for inspection personnel, inspection officer duties, the implementation of the test and inspection documents, and so did many of the supplementary provisions in the song dynasty, make inspection system is perfect.

1, inspection specified: whoever "kill business", "the reason the dead", "death is near relatives before" and "ban in prison death", etc, should be sent officer for initial certification testing. To kill, not reason death, death there should be in prison with the ban, early detection reinspection shall be rechecked results are consistent with the demand. For some death, in early after re-inspection: "not by mowing, she hanged himself in, since the strands of fatal disease and the reasonable after trenchant, inspection bodies without the words to say, Lord don't beg, i.e. give up more ceased buried office." (x deep responded, "the inspection of celebrating not favoured, miserable, Beijing of miscellaneous library), survives because of illness at the same time regulation: should the autopsy, if his nearest relative to death, can request exempted from inspection exemption.

2, inspection personnel provisions, test the officer, state sent company principle, the county commandant, thus depriving poor poor sensibilities, thin prison when, if all lack, it should be by magistrate. "(SongCi JiLu · doctrine upheld the wash of KeBen, Beijing library $good edition book room.will), company in charge of state Richard joined the army of geotechnical farmers. Lawsuits prison is by statute states inspection officer. County commandant is Lord thin, was below the official training archers, crafty, forbidden, is critical, the inspection officers county is essentially county commandant XianShu punishment, and the worship of the pre-qin period to head the history. If the county commandant not similar by county, administration officials at all levels, the master book, XianCheng and even magistrate responsible for the autopsy. No matter what level is sent to officials, should be case and no interceptions.

And a post-mortem relevant personnel WuZuo there. WuZuo is the word ZhengKe five dynasties (the fold prison of discrimination KeBen anthologies of), then WuZuo is mourning buried. Auxiliary WuZuo participation of song dynasty, the task is to deal with inspection bodies, and in the inspection officer command and drink quote scars. And WuZuo similar and sit shiva, say again WenPo, is a female, its responsibilities and collect allover the pre-qin period, only in his concubine quite publicans the bottom, inspection women in just testing.

Three, inspection officer duties: (1) the case shall be prescribed by law must be the autopsy; autopsy (2) by the officials, not poor autopsy; excuse himself (3) after receiving the autopsy document in two hour, must start within; (4) led WuZuo personnel teach others by your inspection; (5) truthfully inspection, the cause of death determined key facts; (6) test results in that day shall be declared to the boss inspection; (7) initial certification officer and rechecked officer may not meet, shall not divulge their respective check thing shape; (8) may not be as wealth for wrongful on capital, such as a violation of candidates to criminal sanctions by.

4, the autopsy documents the earliest is "check shape", early in the five dynasties ZhouXianDe between (954 ~ 959) have sung history records, (" biography), high prevent, northern, check shape is officially autopsy the autopsy files, but has not yet been found officer hair of format, its main contents probably is the cause of the JiLu wash corpse "" four seam. But the corpse into all represented to foot, recorded what bloody injury parts and its properties. At last, it points out that fatal death. And Check shape is the judge according to homicide cases, and help corpse kiss the role of nameless bodies known with today's signing books properties similar.

The song dynasty's second autopsy file is the autopsy case eye ", by southern African the diastolic Titus punishment. The Pope issued ChunXi reign (1174), (" sung history · the emperor this discipline "), given how neglect inspection at inspection officer by law, there is not that bad picture thing to, or refused to visit the inspection, or cheat Hugh corpse bad unbearable figure by cheating, hand, so that all personnel cause as unknown, prison, "about the AIDS numerous," to stop the above disadvantages, specially make autopsy case eye: points early autopsy, the complex grid mesh two kinds, ornamental board awarded by series under the road to subordinate company, ask punishment, county and state, each inspection shall set an identifier, use case orders, a declare subordinate three county and state, a payment was murdered homes, a declare mention punishment LiXinChuan department (built since the opposing miscellanea ") inflammation. From its contents see, the autopsy case eye "equivalent to the autopsy report to check situation and officials of executive and inspection system security, is to stop the various inspection dereliction, mandatory measures of how to understand its early song dynasty examines, review, organization is very important historical documents.

The song dynasty third autopsy file is "inspection is back humanoid figure", issued jiading four years (in China, is the earliest 1211) the corpse figure. This document is jiangxi mention XuShiDao given inspection officers tortured for heavy, light with means for no and sent into the correct GuLi crafty out everyone to sin. "HuTing recommended to use in the autopsy. This chart first publication in hunan, jiangxi, in case of inspection, with eyes after was-the grid series detailed decides the road, sending the sauce. According to" ask punishment of criminal law includes the load, its usage volunteer is "test case in bloody injury according to kind of place, calligraphy and painting HengXie merits, still vermeil inspection, drink to sing scars, make sinner common watch this. What draw As word, then all the joab. Then collectors in rape YiXiao difficult do people. "(the" criminal law "), volunteer sung history

From the above three autopsy file visible, the northern song autopsy used alone check shape; In southern song dynasty, first with the autopsy case mesh and, later again with inspection was formed back humanoid figure among the analysis. These documents that the combined application for control check attaches great importance to the song dynasty, for the inspection quality improvement and undoubtedly has stimulative effect.

(2) the role of tang and song inspection system with nature

From tang dynasty to song by the formation of the testing system, and its content is quite widespread, the system and guarded. This system is the guarantee to law as a representative of the feudal code implementing system, its formation after 500 years. It is the most advanced in the world, the middle ages is the most complete inspection system, is our country ancient splendid ethnic culture part.

The formation of tang and song inspection system with implementing promoted the development of criminal technology, was born to the world-famous song dynasty criminal technology books - the three suspected fel set ", "discount prison GuiJian" and "TangYin than things". The collection of five suspected prison is 955 (897 ~ and) and the son, and (mountain be) (950 ~ 995) has editing, about appeared in A.D. 989 ~ 1990. The GuiJian folding prison "is the shaoxing between (1131 ~ 1162) ZhengKe learning. "TangYin GuiWanRong hou than things", journal of jiading volleys of 1211), main content (is exquisite governance path, the prison finalized law of law and crimes. Research methods or criminal technology is case an important task of these books. For north Korea, Japan and other neighbors of ancient criminal technology development and application has important implications.

The formation of tang and song inspection system with implementing promoted the birth of forensic work system. The world extant most ancient forensic medical books - the cause JiLu "why can wash in the south song dynasty, the decisive factor was born three: to implement the law and song punishment the need of such integration code; The southern song dynasty especially inspection system development and perfection; The popularity of tang and song dynasties, the forensic examination and experience accumulation.

Owing to historical limitation, inspection system is essentially tang by feudalism bound system, it makes the forensic examination are strictly restricted in body appearance examination scope, causes our country ancient to modern forensic cannot complete forensic leap.

(serial, to be continued)