Chinese history (song dynasties) (serial 68)

The ninth festival sino-foreign medical communication

A sino-korean medical communication,

Two song period of the sino-korean medicine association, more extensive, emperor song zhenzong large and medium-sized temple-xiang nine years (1016) and TianXi five years (1021 years) 韩祚 messenger guo yuan, Korean each home, emperor song zhenzong personally presented the peaceful holy benevolence formulae "1000 roll (the Korea medical action of ze-cai-er-yong 118 ~ 119 page Korea explore hall 1966); Gradually chienchung the reign (1101), RenYi, white credible shinshu angel, return the peaceful holy benevolence formulae gift huizong monarch of the volume and 1,000 square "Tuesday universal saves 1,100 volume; That same year, "king Gu, WuYanChong also, since song dynasty emperor king had given the revision) one thousand volumes".

Between the two countries more frequent medical one associate. According to history record the song dynasty had 8 times altogether 116 people to medical or teach toward the medicine, the vast majority of them are dynasty court sent pie as the physician. SongRenZong jia bestowed), four years (1059 medical JiangLang east with the song dynasty XiaoZongMing to HuangWenJing, quanzhou dealer in koryo sojourner koryo medical; SongYing Pope put to the five years (in), who SongKaiFeng 1068 ancient, ChenQian yishen fix and reservoir in koryo as $Penn and consider quite has the knowledge, practice, having been particularly skilled in medical CanZhiZhengShi son of ShenAn ZhiShi, medical, from YiJiao does good medical. Song XiNing five years (1167 god Pope WangYu sent the physician, song), seven years in koryo XuGuang and 1074), song and (such as medical assistants MaShiAn sent yangzhou, eight people YuanFeng three years in koryo July (1080), MaShiAn again by god to koryo were praise, YuanFeng reign (god Pope 1078). Because of the wind WenZong koryo's BiZheng to god's request sent medical, Pope following god Pope emperor sent the academician Zao, zhu tao xing physician can ShenShen, ShaoLun and etc, with 100, 88 medicine for treating WenZong drive cabbage. Two GuoYi people intercourse, directly promoted two countries to the development of medical science.

The medical systems, at the beginning of the SongHua, koryo set up agencies, imitates the tang system granted education and nobility, implement medical medical industry imperial civil service examination system; Buy big medical prison institutions such as pharmacy, yet the prison, medical and prison, small prison, lol, dr, d is, a healer, straight; long view Three Beijing ten word set medical doctor, professor medicine; Implement medical industry, the imperial examination subjects for meat ask), the party b MingTang by ", "by", "mai jing", "by", "the needle LiuJuanZi square", "YongJu theory", "China BenCaoJing" etc, and increase the books and agent pharmacopoeia, etc; in addition, for the people had set "huimin medical bureau".

Song dynasty, Chinese herbs to north Korea giving many kinds, the amount is larger. In the southern tropical medicine such as guinea pig yellow and benzoin also introduced to koryo by song businessman input into the Chinese herbs, north Korea more than one of the song dynasty in charge of issuing the herbal medicinal cutting more than 10 in koryo there.

The song dynasty, north Korea also actively developing its remedies for publication work. The SongRenZong jia bestowed in 1058), north Korea loyal ZhouMu three FanKe China remedies by huangdi ", etc. To 81 A.D. 1059 years, multi-ethnic government make all anxi-dunhuang officials and outside lang different good cheer the elbow rear also new carving three ", etc. These remedies, directly promote issuing the further development of north Korea's medicine. Thirteen years (1226) shinshu the emperor in China, north Korea CuiZongJun the cast BenCaoJing ", "daughter square", "grain q", "the peaceful holy benevolence formulae" which the holy Jackie total record "as the foundation, wrote" a healer, promoted risk insights features a party of the formation of north Korean medical theory system.

Song dynasty, due to widespread sino-korean medicine exchanges, north Korea has a collection of Chinese books more good edition. In SongZheZong emperor xuanzong koryo 1086-1093) sent HuangZong eight years (1,093 come to China at the sutra huangdi needle flu-free nine volumes. Good edition At that time, China "has been lost by the needle, needle in song dynasty huangdi by" as dibon written again. This is undoubtedly north Korea's great contributions to Chinese medicine.

Second, the sino-japanese medical communication

Japan with the tang dynasty the situation is different, communicate frequently northern communication between the medicine, even tend to pause is decline, during the song dynasty, the sino-japanese medicine exchange has some development. But these exchanges eventually because of limited to two zhejiang etc, and also take the trade merchants and go for many, so the whole two monks song period between the medicine, the achievement is not great communication.

Japan has input Chinese goods sulphur and pearl, in for medicinal. From the country to Japan's drug, mainly for sweet medicine. Including musk, clove, aloes, smoked LiuXiang, Michael, who ShiJinQing, bright li vermillion etc drugs.

The medical dealings see load much. Kangding 1041), two years (SongHuiQing to Japan town west practicing medicine; The original qing in life to a cane song QiuZhi eye fong. In addition, there are several fragmentary records, but no belong to the official record of exchanging.

Practicing what the song dynasty seal, Japanese cadastral with China through also not doctored. According to records, ChunYou reign (1241), circle circle from song's back classics divides dry coils, bibliography description number in the catalogue of the classics of Taoism in the book, pity already are. According to the Canon of possession by universal gate library catalogue record the courtyard, including medical classics, contains more than thirty Tibetan side of the house were eleven books, that is the three years (1227) equipped versions.

And medicine related and influence of the attributes, when pushed tea introduced to Japan. This is the DanBo family honor west of credit. Early in nara, Chinese tea at, and introduced into Japan for medicinal. Emperor CuoE when life has been planted tea tree, every year, but thereafter as tax like gradually fading tea ethos, so that in the extension of starwood type already not listed taxes. What SongChaoGang tea of wind fill, YuRen Ann three years (honor west of song dynasty first 1168, soon tea seed back to Japan for planting. He gave high bian (master), high bian, drove the kind of in mountain city thumb tail. For Japan's first elucidates tail once social-fixed-asset to tea. "This tea produced by says," the most precious.

A pen is worth contains 365pages medics in Japan in five equivalent of China internal, at the end of the period gave. Produced a very important works: "heart of medical party. This book, written in 982 beginning founded 984. The author DanBo kang lai (911 ~ 995), its ancestral spirit of han emperor v, o sun leave the king. Arrive later dubbed and countries. The Lord Wei Chinese juniper county Teen DanBo volunteer in the kingdom, and turn canute DanBo given name. The heart of medical plan materia and drug party each 1 roll, yu acupuncture point and acupuncture treatment 1 roll, and roll, surgery and medical 9 skin six volumes, surgery 1 (4 volumes, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrician 1 roll, and roll, and health service stone 2 3 volumes, healthcare 2 (quoted jin tang remedies for about 150 species. Altogether more than 7000 bar, especially in the theory of the pathogenic syndrome "and" daughter square ", "GeShi square" is the large amount, such as the style also copy, which lead such as "van WangFang", "set prescription", "record", "careful dude numerous square", "CuiQuan Xing food via", "sankei", "such as YiFang" etc., all of this book are found in tang dynasty, with a Japanese doctor handed day medicine into work, local experience ensemble for sino-japanese medical exchange a great crystal.

Third, China and south-east Asia pharmaceutical exchanges

Song dynasties, southeast Asia many countries still keep up with China's traditional medicine exchanges. Countries (north Vietnam into toe) input Chinese drugs have XiJiao, tortoise, frankincense and aloes, borneol, sandalwood, pepper, etc. South of city (Vietnam) are also nutmeg and so on many kinds of sweet medicine input China. In southern song dynasty, annan countries offer (Vietnam area) hand styrax gummi sweet, cinnabar, aloes and sandalwood etc, on the other hand submitted from China, doctors study in China imported pharmaceutical technology.

155 years, Dan eyebrow flow kingdom (now Thailand, Dan eyebrow flow said Malay peninsula) sent envoys for the gong combination play such other WanJin, and jack, sappanwood, ivory, hu applied coptis, etc.

This kalimantan, Java, located in Sumatra island, peninsular Malaysia? As in the bohai 977 joash in countries such as janus contradiction isoborneol, second class blockbuster into pages, isoborneol, third brain, TianXiang isoborneol hi, etc. (yuan off the mud off sung history, Bob biography first 248 kingdom, 833pp point school-based, 1977). 992 countries (Indonesia, shiva in Sumatra and Java tribute betelnut, pearl,) sandalwood, tortoise, borneol, safflower, sappanwood, sulphur, clove cane, etc. 980 years Indonesian island Sumatra qi (three buddhas near LiFu giant port) vendors XiJiao sweet medicines, carrying salacious to hainan, such as trade after to guangzhou. 983 years again philips joab tuo ROM giving contradiction XiJiao, ivory and sweet medicine, and later sent LiuXiang, borneol embalm many sweet etc. At that time, from China export commodity in quanzhou port, bound to the.tmp teems with pepper in the prevention of southeast Asia, where people headaches in chili has good effect.

Four, China and the Arab states medical communication

As the song dynasty between China and Arab further developed traffic, the overseas trade and tong make frequent, when activities such as the medical knowledge of Arabia know more. In the song dynasty about drug, ZhaoRuShi records more detailed, : "great food... out, pearls, land XiJiao, frankincense, ivory, dragon saliary, woody, nutmeg and benzoin, aloe, myrrh, blood dried up; WaNaQi,... ferulic, Qiang gardenia, micro water," some of the song dynasty is the detailed account books in some Arab of drug functions, tightly method, etc.

Two song period of China and we communicate the main ways of old drugs is through by sea. In August 1973, picture built quanzhou bay discovered a ship, the cabin song dynasty has plenty of sea-going vessels drug, but there were many Arab region produces one. Because when drug trade in China, the song with Arab shipping trade occupies a large proportion (mostly sweet medicine), so some scholars believe that the "Arab and song dynasty commercial traffic routes, also can saying is' sweet medicine path."

The drugs from the Arab region song dynasty not only the number of variety, import is huge, such as "too big eat sweet guest Min rosing selling frankincense straight 300,000," (" sung history · shihuozhi have been "under), these volunteer import sweet drug prices also extremely expensive," the sweet, most expensive saliary going straight every two turns of guangzhou, second-class five, not 60000, is forbidden Que thing in the comments, the big food kingdom."

In addition to foreign trade, the Arab region is selected by way of tribute many drugs. According to not complete count, since song TaiZu open treasure four years (971) to southern QianDao three years (1167 filial generation of 238 years) food all, tribute, which explicitly specify 49 times 10 times, the drug in the song dynasty history, "foreign biographical roll 490 have 6 record is relatively concentrated foodians: the big LiYa scented tea, PuXiMi, shiva LuoQin not, three mani, Tuo ROM from etc successively into send drugs or available for medicinal items have picked sweet, white dragon brain, rose water, ivory, frankincense, chain umbilical, dragon salt, within the proceeds of the ophthalmic, fructus schisandrae, Bian peach, the proceeds of baisha sugar, millennium dates, pearls, Fou sweet, amber, XiJiao and are dad, unknown different etc. The considerable Numbers placed as times QianBaBaiJin, ivory placed frankincense reach fifty flavour, rose water 100 bottles, borneol 100 liang etc.

Big food countries rose water in song dynasty in our country has sung history, except the input, the foreign strategy "in the writing of the early in the southern song dynasty 丛谈 surrounded in" iron mountain also have clear records (see CaiWen: "iron 丛谈" volume 5 surrounded mountain jaipur, discontent series, qing qianlong dao BaoShi publication). A long table In China, since the pre-qin LianDan home of Taoist celestial activity, in the principle of distillation objectively some applications. Have important applications in medicine by distillation of the liquor also made; Northern TianXi writings have been recorded in the liquor and mix. But in southern song dynasty HuanJiWen "volume ZhangShiNa" swim five are our country always fine (today), wenzhou, zhejiang with mandarin flowers for water vapor around with sweet dew of distilling the detailed records orange, food preparation such as rose water input, promoted the dew agent in China of the rapid spread of drugs with universal application. In TCM led directly to the emergence of various flower dew agent, and improved the wine and the utility in medical use.

Arab medical Avicenna, Leonard (uygur o 980 ~ the masterpiece of join) medical writing book about in the 11th century (useful in early golden, the potion pill garment foil records do at that time is more advanced medical technology, it not only on the drug can play the corrosion function, to improve elixir curative effect also plays a role. This technique introduced into China in song after when the further development and application, promoted our pill garments dosage forms of diversification. Because the pill was in our country is still in the novel, northern China is have a drug dealer business cinnabar pill great wealth.

Besides, some Arab prescription drug outside song in China also circulating. The peaceful holy benevolence formulae such in the eye of carrying "big good party religious calendar hu business law", another oil dynasty, and the introduction of worship AnWenHui (a Ann on the ") by weir si fang "(the only party a 3 (law). Some scholars think this square may be written by arabs FanHang quasi: China zhongjings prescriptions (with Arab medical communication history of the el paso maintains four, (2) 110; 1952).

From Arab, etc in the large foreign drug input, sweet medicine has a large proportion. Sweet medicine at the input, increased for Arab medical understanding, promoted the clinical application of sweet medicine when, even cause a preference such drugs ethos. At that time to the prescription medicine has certain influence in song dynasty, this kind of circumstance, to the medicine medicine works collected and clinical applications are obviously reflected in recorded.

In Arab medicine introduced into China at the same time, Chinese medicine in song dynasty also gaiden Arab region. According to the song kill album draft records, the song dynasty by the city by big food businessman proceeds of the department of Chinese medicinal materials sinotrans 60 kinds, including ginseng, tuckahoe, xiong, 47 kinds of aconite, cinnamon, etc XiongHuang plant medicine and Spanish red, cinnabar such mineral medicine. These herbs to Europe except be transported to outside, also some lose cloth to the Arab region. In the avicenna ", a medical with rhubarb, Chinese medicine and application of content. The persians Abu Mansur · mourinho Abu Mansur earthen method grams (975 years at about Muwaffaq) by the outline of the medicine in the book, also describes the cinnamon niudali, le, and baiji, rhizoma coptidis, rhubarb, ginger, Chinese medicine. Generally, Chinese LianDanShu about in the 12th century, when spread to Europe by the Arab world pharmaceutical chemistry up to have a positive impact.

In the medical ", in addition to drugs outside, still some diagnosis, treatment methods and experience with Chinese medicine have close origin relations. China's veins in 10 century has learned to Arab, "with 48 medical" in China, mainly is to absorb the pulse condition necessary by the WangShuHe in his book the veins of the load of pulses evolved. Other such as diabetes patients with urinary sweet; According to measles patients a rash to judge its prognosis, critically-ill patients to "follow garment touched bed" and "pinch empty line" death Daniel levy; Treatment of leeches drug method (our medical record called "Qi needle"), burning with soldering iron man wounds, and rabies suction Angle method, enema art etc, reflects the Chinese medical related content absorption.

(serial, to be continued)