Liao, xia, TCM history (85) (era) series

The ninth festival sino-foreign medical communication

One, and the Arab countries and regions medical communication

1206 Mongolia three after the establishment of the western expedition, give people of all countries and their people bring serious disaster, but also opened the broad avenue, eastern and western traffic to and objectively the development of Arab medicine exchanges increased very convenient. At the same time, in order to adapt to survive and military expansion needs, including the Mongol army of doctors, potter art staff to adopt a certain degree of protection measures. In the region Mongolian ruler call-up doctor to conquer himself at that time service, so, Mongolian around the supreme ruler of some famous gradually gathers a doctor of all ethnic groups, such as Chinese and foreign for Mongolian too group of genghis khan (1206 ~ on this date: in 1227 reign) service is the JingJiao Moslem doctor, believes the doctor with many foreign bodies in pharmaceutical serve Mongolian ruler, this itself is Chinese and Arab medical exchange a reflection. And, according to the natural, and doctors and han Chinese doctors since and service in Mongolian ruler, mutually should have contact, may also had some medicine exchange activities.

At the time, some of whom the envoys from quite is itself for the doctor or note in medicine. If 1254 countries (today by Ruben to send Turkish) east of the throne Mongolia xian Pope Montgomery envoys from udinese uncle Zagreb butyl, is a doctor, shortly thereafter, a Chinese envoy and Lin (i.e. since changde HaLa and Lin, ghengis for Mongolia in 1235 built in capital, today the Mongolian People's Republic, el have called north) throne jerry west, LiuYu redundancy by alex writes "the west make record" remember the book records, about the Moslem medicine knowledge, to increase the Moslem medicine at the Chinese understanding. The book contained only son, o carry son, o slave elder brother and son three Moslem drugs, then compendium of materia medica (namely collected.

Kublai Khan dynasty (1260 ~ 1294), inheritance and widened since the attention of genghis khan, pushed by medical, positive opening of all religions and the eclectic, widely adopted by policy, and to make things such as China and Arab medical exchange got bigger development.

Yuan ting "xiyu bodyguard close only equipped with such main army" by Moslem consisting of bodyguard forces, in order to meet the needs of the Moslem sergeant, and the processing of medical Moslem drug input and other related matters, Kublai Khan has setup the wl period of pharmaceutical company, capital medicine institute, and wide, metropolitan (hui company, as yuan Kublai Khan on this Beijing) and kaiping, yuan (i.e. XiaDou ZhengLanQi east). This Inner Mongolia and drug court and drug administration and six Moslem medicine specialized agencies, the founder of these institutions is from Syria western blows Lin (east Roman empire) people love xue (" Isa, 505-508 ~ 1308). Love is the only in the yuan; they have special history of neutral report, he and his family and physicians in yuan dynasty in China for the spread of Moslem medicine plays an important role.

In addition to the specialized agencies and medicine in too hospital, DianYiJian traditional Chinese medical institutions as in the wild, after tooth is longer than), xue (love etc, starter hornbeam dig and people who work and play barbarians shi leadership that people in the yuan dynasty, and the influence of medical administration institution is relatively broad. After the national unity, sino-foreign traffic once extremely smooth and the various nationalities, appear migration and extensive national mixing-up phenomenon. Except in yuan, and many positions ting the Moslem doctor scattered all over China, in folk medical or sell medicine. In the YuanRen prose notes, recorded a lot strange medicine 100 praise and transcripts of chapters, it serves to show its influence is extensive.

The yuan dynasty and one of the ways to drug input the khanate, is the "tribute". GeZan, not the Erie sweat because many times the Kings successively tribute to yuan tyndareus contradiction in the gong items, Moslem drugs, held very large proportion, but there were many exotic 1332 quality, such as in October, not because of "the BaShiBaJin contradiction gong tower", namely teeth of such. In July 13.2 Moslem cure too much into medicine "play" (i.e. the tooth for tooth), a tower whose value was the giant, 15 riches in the medicine quantity great enough to imagine. The drugs, because the tribute from normally gets a lot of back $tyndareus given the nature of with trade, actually.

Suddenly the promotion will be listed period of agricultural and industrial economic policies, directly or indirectly promoted the development of Chinese and foreign medical communication. If foreign trade directly brought and prosperous, Arab, southeast Asia and other places of medicinal materials trade, which is not only prosperity of yuan dynasty is an important foreign medical communication way, and also become a kind of communication mid yuan dynasty marked characteristics, in foreign trade points in southern land and sea route, perish before, land trade is important. Along the ancient silk road, caravan, drive-travelers to central Asia, west Asia and the black sea north shore. Moslem businessman was in the field of foreign trade, the most active forces operating cycle drug is one of their main goods, has many bodies everywhere merchants also directly to sell a medicine for an inheritance, the custom has continued to yuan later. The yuan dynasty rulers who are interested in the Moslem drugs the. Such as the Persian etc transported into the olive oil, they "are all in heavy order them, treasure if the honor, depending on, in" drug "can be seen in" Moslem prescription drug prescriptions by many within. And another way to drug input is by sea. According to the island YuanRen WangDaYuan old-and slightly "account, then volunteer with Chinese merchant in the trade, the Persian gulf region, such as Kennedy back to many medicinal materials (today Iran zhe buried in the long island) clove, nutmeg, sappanwood, musk; Tart auspicious that (now Iran tower area) black mercury, sulfur, and yellow, Gary that (the southwest coast) today Iran mercury, sappanwood; Persian baal from (now Iraq winds of soil pull) son, and cinnamon, etc. The yuan dynasty and the input of drug, and some Moslem drugs in real application, promote the increasing of people at that time the understanding and research of Moslem drugs, some BenCaoXue Moslem drugs and absorbed by for China. Gradually China into a full-grown dynasties of TCM. The meal was about to drink in drug aspects of, also note "herbal ShouZhe, not in this namely written" orphan, the attached posted MaSi answer kyrgyzstan, will think answer and some other bodies drugs.

In addition to drugs, when still a large number of the Moslem prescription also enter China. The collection of history, and there was some completed mentioned the burning potions, called "Mongolian fits only son", the name of the languages from "close dean son". And "close dean son" one word for Arabic "great", "strong" meaning (" wave, "was the" pull the history YuDaJun, ZhouJianJi collection of translation, the first volume, volume 1, article 1 edition, Beijing: the commercial press, 1983:201), obviously, this kind of potions has close relation with the Arab medicine, in the meal was ", "drink of the Moslem prescription in medical, particularly the latter, the more collected numerous Moslem prescription. And as for a Mongolian ruler was originated from the school called "Moslem ground up son don't" sugar oar preparations very interested. We know, syrup preparations, fruit infusions are the Arab doctor in medieval gain practical realm of drugs, and important achievements for Arab medicine to old elixir. Pieces of the yuan dynasty is fashion son don't because of such agents, when the then, yuan fruit access in MinZhe, yunnan ordered tyndareus exclusively manufacturing, and such as local tribute and continuous input zhongyuan. Shekels preparations, to a son don't ZhaoXueMin "a herbalist qing dynasty recorded in" poems there. The existing Moslem prescription, "(as well as a great many) is the study of Chinese and foreign medical history in a notable works, its more fully reflects a yuan generation, especially Chinese and foreign medical communication with Moslem medicine in clinical practice exchanges yielded substantial results. The book contains some medical name, who run from existing general statistics, as well as a great many plait of about 20 or so. These ancient and among the many medical time-stamped famous in the Arab medical experts. "And" neither but a reflection prescription medicine with Arab yuan exchange summary type books worldwide, is virtually long-term medical exchange and integration between east and west in the late 19th century in summary, is a valuable part of the history of world medicine research worth paying attention to Chinese medicine literature.

Moslem medicine in introduced into China at the same time, Chinese traditional medicine also in the yuan dynasty west Asia, southwest and the main islamic state Erie khanate spread worldwide. Who was the western expedition, han thousands who sought attune with levy needs, including many Chinese doctors, and brought the Chinese medicine, calendar calculation and other kinds of books, these doctors have many people later served in Erie sweat after the establishment of the Erie khanate, Erie the sweat from China pays much attention to science, medicine, art and historiography achievement of Chinese culture, and the west preach acted as the important media. 1295 years, o son GeZan muddy brooke successor seventh Iraq issue, he attaches great importance to country sweat with yuan dynasty maintained close relations. When GeZan years work with Chinese culture is Shared, and long, is familiar with Chinese both know Chinese and a little. He is quite a medical knowledge, be familiar with plant and its function, understand China specialty herbs. GeZan sicken time, often make China a doctor's treatment, he also note from Chinese scholars help Erie khanate development scientific culture, such as when he ordered zuan album "appreciated when GeZan history by book, was prime minister from Chinese scholars pull s&d LiDaChi and NiKeSun 2 people assist work, GeZanHan successor, sweat after the continued to follow the development of the economy and culture, GeZanHan various policy.

Erie khanate famous politician, doctors and scholars pull s&d (al Rashid al -, Hamdani - Din pull s&d al d al ham Danny, 1247 ~ 1318), for Chinese medicine in the spread of Erie khanate paid hard work. Jn at 13 century, early 14th century, he presided over the YiBian a Persian Chinese medical series "Erie sweat of China science treasure, attend compilation work doctor and scholars, have the persians, han and Persian descent Chinese. This series includes four of the Chinese medical translation, first is "MaiJue" versions were WangShuHe that at this time to learn TCM Arab medicine pulse of previous generations more in-depth understanding. Three books behind are introduced and meridian acupuncture, herbal, disease prevention and health and other content (and YueGuMing "Chinese medicine in Iran" Chinese journal 1981: maintains 14 (1) : 28). This series is earlier scholars by foreign medical and government support organizations in China YiBian medical book, it not only at that time to the Persian people know China medical culture plays a positive role in China's medical to southwest and the spread of islamic region has an important history significance, is also in ancient China and the people of all ethnic groups Persian region one of the historical witness friendly exchanges.

Many Chinese medicinal materials shipped in Mongolian yuan period Arab countries and regions. Famous Arab pharmacy home worship 1248) in Tulsa (1197 ~ his the medicinal plants of the time. First posted the rhubarb, ginger, xinjiang source cypress such as Chinese medicine. About in the 13th century, the mongols through xixia and weiwur areas, the habit of drinking to the west of Asia. To the Persian gulf region of China merchant, trade shipped to many medicinal materials.

The yuan dynasty in Erie khanate Chinese medicine, strengthen the spread of Chinese medicine in the Arab region influence. Yuan after half a century, but died ZhengHeCeng three to Persia, LuMo suddenly a (now the Persian gulf in Iran by southeast medical area), discover all class the doppler, skills, such as ZhangYanYu "(qing Ming" volume 326 the PS153, third party, tablets, 833pp point school-based, 1976), this kind of phenomenon obviously and the yuan dynasty the spread of Chinese medicine in local inseparable. On the other hand, due to communicate at Erie sweat the hub of the kingdom of east and west, and Arabian medicine and absorbed some Chinese medicine content, so the Arab medical to Europe has become the important for medical transmission medium.

Second, and Europe, India, Africa's medical communication

This period in China and the Arab states and through this way and the European countries, frequent medical communication with yuan mongols westward, warring against European times at western states also have sent missionaries to China, and in Beijing with the bishop and church. All this promoting eastern and western medicine communication. French missionaries by France LuBai aruk the lives of WangSheng Louis kingdom, the Da WangZhiTing winging whip, he has written the book, which he talked about China's customs and medical situation: he himself, was in the original tong medical for civilians to church in sick.

Yuan to the west by doctors and Arab doctors shall be regarded as an organic whole, because the middle ages Arab is communication channels of central Asian and European culture, many Greek translated into Arabic, in a sense, when the Arab and European scientific culture is harmoniously. So was introduced into China in the Moslem medicine pharmaceutical ingredients, but more Arab mainly or Greek, Roman medical system.

Third, communicate with north Korean medicine

With north Korea kitan, nuzhen settlements borders: according to the koryo directly in the ancient history of the qidan load, with north Korea, with north Korea, nuzhen rift between, also have repaired often, when GongFang content of each fixed, cultural exchanges.

The yuan dynasty, between the two countries and communicate closely. Compare pharmaceutical Between the two countries ask wou doctor handed medical skill. Yuan world group to yuan twelve years (1276) in August, YuanDi sent DE new waiting for the doctor to yuan against king, koryo three decades, 1293) November, cabbage (the king appointed general come to China YuanDi high request to send doctor, December, YuanDi sent to koryo YaoSheng cure too much. Yuan chengzong yuan zhennian three years (1297) in June, yuan WangDeZhong, GuoGeng sent cure too much to koryo. The end of the yuan, China HeJian people who LiMinDao to koryo, granted him as a typical Korean medical are monk mountain gentleman, in north Korea in 1395 years, died. North Korea also sent a doctor to China engaged in medical. Designed to yuan twenty-two years (1296) in March, designed for koryo's sick send healing. Koryo is medicine twice sent to yuan XueJingCheng tri-faction imperial medical YuanDi cure, for this, what's "reward, designed thick".

The medical system, ZhongLie koryo king used in medical system, the company $equipped with "raise a point in the bureau, to name two silver print. The levy set up medical lifting the province east company, by a period of medical people taking the Korean official of the department of.

The yuan dynasty medicinal exchange between the two countries frequently. According to the Korean history "load, designed to yuan years, into Pope zhenyuan and the emperor to greatness years and is Min ZhongLie koryo WangHeGong between king has come to China to yuan eight imperial contradiction of ginseng, pine nuts, offer Fei solid wood fruit, such drugs, yuan court has nine times WangHui give wine to koryo medicines, such as incense and medicine. ZhongTong designed for eight years (1,267) in September, with feet swollen disease, designed very close, Jill skinned (a fishskin) do shoes can cure the disease, so it will be dark red cream BeiLu send such nine messengers for it, $koryo koryo king Pope 17 o Jill close to giving yuan skinned. In the yuan dynasty, through Chinese input lead aloes Korean etc south domestic drugs. According to the Korean history "HuiZong years, $load, the same area of zhejiang, jiangsu ZhangGuoZhen, WangSheng etc, among the people often presented aloes etc to koryo drug, liquor distillation is South Korea in yuan dynasty of preaching.

Four, and Japanese pharmaceutical exchanges

The yuan dynasty HaiJin lax in Japan, even rather broad. Japan, businessmen in China, unknown monk quite, and all for more on merchant vessels to China by the government dispatch, the little. These merchant trade to give priority to, but incense of fabric since ancient times, Chinese medicine rely on this age supply since no exception.

This period, a famous doctor in Japan in jia yuanyuan years (1303 in) writes the medical copy "volume 50's, just four years (1315 years) and the carrying of overburden writes vie 刘伯骥 the volumes of 62 of the Chinese medical publications, published HuaGang 254 pages, Taipei, 1971), content and the heart of healing, and it is said to have similar party claiming more than 200 read recipe books, with more than 2,000 volumes of tang and song, all han to try square, the experience JiBing attached good and compiling the own purpose and into. Content before song dynasty China unhapppy quoted medical record, and fancy disease names increase, pathological Lord Ethan five shipped six gas doctrine. And there YuZhen sangha 1362 adjacent to years (in) writes the ~ 1 322-1 330 brown TianFang "12 (the han, set and more than 100 medical, also categorized.

Five, and southeast Asia pharmaceutical exchanges

According to the records of the yuan dynasty acupuncture doctors, contained ZouGeng to Vietnam medical check-up god, healing, known as the "Tuesday" zou. Officer to XuanHui courtyard ambassador and cure too much make, also once several give medicine designed to kofi annan, the history of the neoproterozoic kingdom of city records of China XiJiao drugs input, borneol, aloes, frankincense, nutmeg, 1291 ROM duhu kingdom (today Burma) XiJiao, contradiction into gong, isoborneol, etc. (the yuan Ming history · ShiZu song lian discipline ", volume 13).

Yuan ZhouDaGuan zhenyuan years in yuan, with make 18-20) (to really la (now Cambodia) access, two years later, the "back in its record" in puccini's la described the true la produce of XiJiao, fall really sweet, nutmeg, violet stalks, large maple son oil medicine. In the book "to tang goods" recorded in China's musk, sandalwood, grass Xiong, a. dahurica, flame denitration, sulfur yellow, mercury, silver beads, tung's la people welcome such deeply love the book, a la also records of medicine and health customs. Such as "men and women, often TuXiang medicine, upon such sweet synthetic musk deer with sandalwood private resort." "(true la) americans sick, much is an enter the water bath, and frequent shampoo, then, since stock alu minium wheels in city... also, and the medicine of Chinese medicine, do not know its not for what." At that time LaBing from true la countries (equivalent to leprosy) popular and son of maxleaf medicinal speculate that really la people have already accumulated experience of prevention and cure leprosy.

Six, sino-foreign medical exchange evaluation

(a) Chinese and foreign medical communication, belongs to the category of cross cultural tradition.

Different cultures once you have contact each other between the opportunity, or collision process of this kind of preaching the inevitably going to happen. However, this process for the prosperity of transient, but by other factor or influence, not completely is a spontaneous process. The inherent traditional Chinese medicine has great including system, foreign medical theory of both the system, to surpass the break will not words. And Chinese medicine theory itself but the broad mind and enough clearance to accept them, to enrich themselves. Jinyuan era to the most flourishing foreign medical degree, also began a variety of medical coexist co-prosperity situation, the Chinese and foreign pharmaceutical firm a much-told story in the history.

(2) the characteristics of Chinese and foreign medical communication and effect:

First is communication than the past unprecedented expanded. And the spread of its more than in the past, absorbing also increased and effective. For example the Moslem prescription ", "qin meals of both were compiled, spread by Arab, hui, such as the medical culture, and family absorbed medical culture, itself with exchange crystallization of twofold. In the yuan dynasty Chinese medicine experts and Moslem medical experts between, never saw no record of a mutual criticism rejection. Even if they didn't, at least, is how cooperation hand in hand at peace. The medical treatment, each must also be equality competition, not overwhelmed or who who who who problem, only replaced the party take effective.

Also this in theory system, both sides are no greater impact. Traditional Chinese medicine and medical system was adopted into, but cannot change among constitute the Arab medical theory from the basic framework; Similarly, traditional Chinese medicine using Arab incense drug treatment of the law, it enormously enrich the treatment of TCM theoretical system, therefore, in which nothing touches. More from each other, it is adopted by us.

(serial, to be continued)