Chinese history (Ming and qing dynasties) (serial 88)

Chapter 9 Ming medicine

Ming dynasty (1368 ~ 1644) in China's history, the feudal economy political relatively stable high development of Ming dynasty, the mid capitalist sprout appeared promotes the commodity economy, foreign exchange, scientific, technological and cultural development, medical standards have improved significantly.

The autocratic monarchy to strengthen: create a unified national regime of zhu yuanzhang, given the yuan dynasty perish after the lesson, trying to strengthen the central autocratic centralized. Attention for unity faithful to feudal ruling class of intellectuals, in order to make it needed talents, LiuJi Suggestions by 13.7 years, set the imperial to eight-part essays, take the exam content Pope and confucianism-practice (five), Lord, zhu xi said, form, and especially the intellectuals, sages celebrated in thought to inhibit neo-confucianism range. The style of baguqushi for medical research, the value classics of ancient, chung worthless, do not think of innovation and other unhealthy tendencies, played an important role. The group of intellectuals to push in the field of medicine, medical staff to improve the cultural quality and research level objectively wasadvantageous.

The commodity economy development and the capitalist sprout: zhu yuanzhang, i.e., the throne take encourage BeiTang lake weir, did, implement, limiting keeper maid heng measures such as the agricultural development, promote. Take foster industry and commerce, liberation slavery, contracted the bus-mess tax work for commercial and industrial development measures, have created favorable conditions. Foreign exchange and trade is gradually enlarged.

The latter half of the Ming dynasty, capitalist sprout increasingly growth, employing labor appear generally the development of handicraft industry, workshops, gradually formed some industry center. Suzhou is SiZhiYe center, cotton industry center of songjiang is jingdezhen porcelain center is wuhu, dyeing trade center is pulp, lead mountain is in such industry of hebron, huizhou, huzhou's CanSangYe heritage iron smelting industry, foshan is very famous, the commodity economy development, promote the population flow and concentration. Suzhou city, Ming only five, sixty door, with woven silk industry development, zadok late Ming has population of 50,000.

The commodity economy development promoted traffic development and promote the information transmission and exchange for medical development, have created favorable conditions. Population concentration and flow push care needs of development, but also for some the spread of disease create conditions, an example is the introduction of syphilis. Transportation development widened the doctor range of activities, they go out with, or business or by the rich merchant, or large sum for learning a friendly outbound division worship, and promote the academic exchanges of information, increased the touch each other and understand each other academic point of view of opportunities.

Ideological culture and science school art development: early Ming dynasty, the neo-confucianism domination. Song lian, fang xiaoru, xue, etc are exalted master cheng and zhu Confucianism. "The four books of zhu zhu guo" as the imperial examination standard, zhu di compiled a exaggerates presided over the neo-confucianism Daniel "sex of the time book. The official is advocated, the atmosphere around. This academic debate atmosphere, unfavorable also causes academia dissatisfaction. Chen xianzhang played (1428 ~ 15) out and began to LiuJiuYuan "broadcasting" tilt. WangShouRen 1472 ~ 1528) to (neo-confucianism, make the criticism in the study of xu gradually his competitors.

The Ming dynasty in the economic development of science and technology driven, have been improved greatly. All kinds of science is mutual infiltration of the Ming dynasty, the development of science and technology, from theory viewpoint and method, technology and material, all have great impact on medicine. The yuan dynasty king frame gen wooden type examinations success, Ming 1488 ~ 1505) (between TongHuoZi has officially popular in jiangsu area, wanli (between 1573 ~ 1620) again appeared set of plate printing. The prosperity of the Ming dynasty, the publishing industry for medical publications and medical knowledge creates convenient conditions. Drugs to commodities, its operation performance, origin, processing, efficacy, authenticity identification is needed more aspects of research. Agricultural technology for drug domestication and cultivation provided a condition, transportation and trade promotion of overseas the introduction of new drugs and drug discovery, promoted the development of BenCaoXue. Pharmaceutical development and enriched the government, the agriculture agricultural knowledge of the yongle encyclopedia JiuHuang materia collected all the content of science and technology progress and every one can permeate through the field of medicine, according to the surgical authentic "account, used to build beryllium needle, horse bit soft and not feng, smelting iron art progress, convert steel building, the quality rises greatly, improve the operation effect.

The characteristics of the development of medicine in Ming dynasty Confucianism, advocating homage: official relationships between adults, medical deemed filial piety the important means to perform relationships between adults. "Not for good, and for healing in", in such an environment, the imperial frustrated intellectuals, into the inevitable trend of potential field of medicine is. Quantities of intellectuals by Confucianism, improved medical doctor in the cultural quality and knowledge structure, changed the SongShiGong surgery "more is vulgar" understand the liberal state, make the doctor's social status increased accordingly.

Ming traffic development, information increasingly progress. The physician to big cities, and to focus FuJi sifang to worship, deeply folk for actual famous study. Plus a relatively stable political environment, for medical experience and dissemination, medical theory deepening, have created favorable conditions. The Ming dynasty in its generation very much, their heritage medical, or father WengXu succession or generation, very conducive to specialization, the mildew boils the medical records of author Chen secret sauce is viii industry into medical home. A book is often done in the father, and the continuous renewal, beginning grams complete. Like this form works mostly have technicality and uniqueness and authoritative features, cut in practical, recognized. When YangJi the acupuncture dacheng ", the young families play utcnsile "and uzziel the books already, belong to this kind of work.

Social health needs and clinical practice never stay in point, medical theory and practice innovation will never stop. Innovation is the mainstream of the development of medicine in Ming dynasty, wu the plague sexual LiShiZhen theory of "and the compendium of materia medica is one of two shining pearl.

Wu sternness sexual development, said the already exposed to each infectious disease has its special pathogenic factors that a substantial problem.

The understanding and the people of smallpox vaccination art development, acne is the prominent innovation, Ming medicine who performed on when inoculated blain, uncertain. It gets in the Ming dynasty, is recognized as ordinary application; People blain vaccination art is a major event, shook the world medical harp, and invented it enlightenment intraoperative ev, open up vaccinations immunological new era.

Ming medicine development characteristics, demonstrating the comprehensive application of medical science, its characteristic is nature on long-term experience and specialized process show. It is the traditional culture and way of thinking, but through the strong influence of classic TCM theory, through the deepening of thinking structures of clinical experience new wraparound, continuous innovation, Ming medicine has formed a unique theoretical system of medicine.