Chinese history (Ming and qing dynasties) (serial 89)

Chapter 10 middle qing dynasty (1644-1840) medical

Ming, the regime after getting see decadent period. A.D. 1644 on March 18th, li rate farmers insurgents Ming compromised Beijing, proclaim perish. When northeast in nuerhachi national nuzhen, huang taiji, blessing three generations of efforts to reemerge. Family name of manchu, eight banners ax-wielding cream-color local regime made repeatedly during the Ming dynasty, economic and military power, coveted became inside shanhaiguan pass. Li Ming WuSanGui in and company commanders to meet them at the same time, lead entering the soldiers of qing. Li li Beijing on April 29th, emperor, that amount "dashun," but that the next day. Quit Beijing So the army into Beijing and smooth qing dynasty established formal.

Capturing zhongyuan, manchu by slavery sharp transition to feudal system, strengthen the feudal centralization rule system. Cabinet above, the other set "after WangDaChen meeting affairs" (for "be"), is the highest policy-making body of the emperor, directly responsible, manchu aristocrat by of all. The local administrative BuZhengShi belong to the governor, and the governor, provincial judges and magistrate, ZhiXian, such as han concurrently, chief at all levels, but only with under control shall be multi-purpose han Chinese. The qianlong emperor kangxi, both built such a full han one regime, and China's model of feudal system pushed acme.

1662-1759), social and economic development. Rewards, light, i.e., the proceeds of the thin fu, punish corruption, water conservancy, to save money in 1959 (1709), xi revenue by the original inventory silver has more than 1,000 to more than 5,000 100002 donated 20,000ounces, resulting in a situation of stability and prosperity. Yongzheng, further development for "style-came amortize the mu" policy, Fielding a thousand years equivalent to cancellation of the "RenTouShui". The result, national population increases greatly, in statistical household 1661 for 19 million registered permanent residence. The only 2462 million in 1711, and also to the national population in 1774, has shot up to 22102 million.

Qing rulers indulge in luxury life, the development of the outside world capitalism and no knowledge, ezer of folk capitalist sprout, also do not have known.

In late Ming and early qing dynasty social unrest period, appeared the advanced thinkers of great, such as party by wisdom, GuYanWu, huang, wang fuzhi, TangZhen, yan yuan, etc. Their political position is basically against the qing dynasty, so many imprisoned, or avoid ground seclusion. Philosophy, they criticize the idealist phylosophy, described "applying what" and "gas" materiality principle. In order to consolidate rule, kangxi emperor, etc, the idealist phylosophy vigorously promote the Confucius, offering zhu xi, their inclusion ten zhe writes, and close hand "thought encouraged." Yongzheng also stipulates the hand of household names, wide training must be able to recite. Confucianism, the princes with great encyclopedia of zhuxi's choices "and" sex "send" Daniel everywhere. In order to strike against the qing dynasty of all have suspected the Chinese literati, was "development" to the highest point.

In addition, clear the seclusion after mid more severely, and policy hindered the western culture east gradually and exchange. KangXiDou once lucrative courtesy and shun zhi period of Ming future China NaHuaiRen etc, Adam schall, preacher or even ask them into the palace kangxi lecture, to make himself the history of China's most the emperor of scientific knowledge. Tom ashby except the prison ShiZhi award khin days outside, still get is the RongYan products. But subsequent internal disagreement, the Pope preacher JinYao "and a" envoy went two for a change of kangxi testimonies, matteo ricci missionary forbid Chinese catholics involved in offering holes, ancestors, did the dedication of the mourners and suspension of worship days "medical, of course ChiZhu by oracle, finally kangxi under western people not" later, banned in China can also do teach, lest pesty." (the national Palace Museum, compiled with the Roman emperor kangxi envoys from the "the 14th relationship documents). But in fact missionaries still in all over China activities. Yongzheng, guangdong and fujian provinces such as "local harassment Eurasian people repeatedly, and despise me of my people, the situation of legal" report be different with kangxi already. Then consider frontier with the XiaoLuan and ideological system by, but have qianlong toward ordered seclusion. Businessmen and intellectuals to the overseas trade, are not the most for inspection, han, no matter WangHua "" self-rejection official and eluded, confiscate the goods all property and sit even bao-jia genera officer. So far, from the original for protect sovereignty and seclusion paired everything foreign culture and the development of economic exchange chromatography are to the autistic policy rejected. So, China's historic lost time and the external world exchange knowledge, strive for synchronous headway opportunities.

In the background, the qing dynasty, the development of medicine middle shows a more complicated situation, TCM traditional theory and practice through long-term test of history and heritage, thus has perfected and mature, whether overall theoretical elaboration, or clinical diagnosis of each branch has method, practical, and the complete system under the conditions at the time of the curative effect is distinguished, compared with the world medical condition is better. Especially WenBing school in the treatment of infectious fever form,, reducing mortality rates, prevent infection, which has played a positive role. With them against smallpox vaccination blain, more vigorously carry out the method of China and the world as a medical history glorious page. Times like anatomy trend, also explains the innovations in effort to find a new breakthrough in TCM.

But long-term of insularity, strong value classics ethos that this period in the existing medical stagnation "perfect" in all, and not really a breakthrough. Western medicine in early qing dynasty introduced into momentum, low down soon after fresh concept and knowledge no chance to enter Chinese society, the impact to late qing dynasty truly arrived. For many in the field, but time road hasn't mature.

The first quarter of medical education and medical system

In the second quarter WenBingXue said development and preventive care

The third quarter medical classics finishing study

The fourth quarter the progress of basic medical theory

Section 5 materia medica and pharmacology of development

Sixth quarter of medical book an unprecedented growth and emergence of medical journal

Section 7 clinical medical achievement

Section 8 minority medical

The ninth day Taiwan medicine

The tenth day of military medical

Chinese and foreign medical communication. Section 11

V12 medical literature

V13 physicians biography

第一节 医事制度和医学教育

第二节 温病学说的发展和预防保健

第三节 医学典籍的整理研究

第四节 基础医学理论的进步

第五节 药物学与方剂学的发展

第六节 医学入门书的空前发展与医学杂志的出现

第七节 临证医学的成就

第八节 少数民族医学

第九节 台湾医学

第十节 军事医学

第十一节 中外医药交流

第十二节 医学著作

第十三节 医家传记