Chinese medicine brief

-the origin of the ancient medicine knowledge and accumulation

The development of modern Chinese medicine science-and general situation

, republic of China (1912 1949)

-law of the People's Republic of China was founded (1949 ~)

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The origin of the ancient medicine knowledge and accumulation

China labor people for thousands of years in the struggle against disease process, through the practice, and constantly know, gradually accumulated a wealth of medical knowledge. Because swire literature not hing, these knowledge can only rely on anyone dictate, and I had the text, then gradually recorded, the emergence of a medical books. These books have summarized predecessors' experience and convenient to be spread and popularization role. Chinese medicine has several thousand years of history, is China's people's long struggle against disease of extremely rich experience, to the prosperity of the Chinese nation has a huge contribution. As the drug after class, so most of the books and records drugs called "herbal". According to research, qin materia medica, the popular, but unfortunately has more of these are already lost, no materia medica search. Now the earliest known works called materia medica cold-induced febride, author unknown, according to one of the places, may be recorded the eastern han dynasty physicians' a revised works.

Cold-induced febride encyclopedia of three volumes, including the move, the drug monographs, ore three categories, a total of 365, each a sexual flavour, download medicine function and the attending orderly cases, and the other briefly describes the basic theory of drug use, such as toxic non-toxic, four gas five, compatibility, medication method and testimonies bolus, powder, and wine and so on, can saying is the han Chinese form before the medicine knowledge to summarize, and is later pharmaceutical development laid a foundation.

The southern and northern dynasties, the liang dynasty TaoHongJing (A.D. 452 536) will be cold-induced febride arrangement, the added into the "BenCaoJing guo," a book, which increases the han people below the drugs, called the 365 people don't record ". Each medicine not only for the original under sexual flavour, function and the attending supplemented, and increases the origin, acquisition and processing time, greatly enriched the method cold-induced febride content.

In tang dynasty, because the development of productive forces, and the traffic is becoming more and more frequent, foreign drugs have input, drug varieties became more and more increased. In order to adapt to the needs, the government appointed lee, who presided over the dow performance by Labour, known as "don BenCaoJing note materia medica" and SuJing life and other heavy and increased with fixed medicine 114 kinds, in show celebrates the four years (659 AD), to be known as the new practice of materia medica "or" tang materia medica, this book of new from the time of the government, so to be revised, and can be a China is also the world's first a pharmacopoeia. The herbal medicine in 844, and with drug mapping, started Chinese herbal works against precedent, and not only for the development of Chinese materia medica has great influence, and soon spread abroad, to the world of medical development to make an important contribution.

The above is the knowledge of the ancient Chinese medicine three times, and then summarizes every certain period, the knowledge of drugs is unceasingly rich, have new summary appear. As the song dynasty "open", "the treasure of materia medica of jiayou fill note of materia medica", all of the summary. The late northern song dynasty, shu TangShen micro into the medical history of the certificate for urgent materia medica (card kind of herbal). He will "jiayou fill note of materia medica" and "by the figure of the merger, materia medica medicine 500 DuoZhong, well collected and many physicians folk prescription unilaterally by the ShiWenXian supplements from a large number of drug material, make this book content more full, also a complete, had style by government sent people revision three times, and the" grand view ", "politics", "shaoxing" period nianhao, as GuanShu publication.

The great medical experts LiShiZhen Ming dynasty (AD 1518 1593), in the card of materia medica of on the basis of a thorough revision), age 30, and having "calendar more than eight hundred books, draft examination all three yi," into conform to the time needed for the development of herbal works-" the materia medica, in LiShiZhen died three years (1596) in jinling (nanjing) published for the first time today. This book in 1892, with party a medicine 11000 DuoGe. LiShiZhen in this book full of consolidation and summarizes the 16 century ago the people of China medicine knowledge, and makes the great development. He painted medicine to figure, correction mistake, and according to the drug in nature, divided into 16 classes, 60 of every medicine under, points ShiMing, which can, not, the attending, inventions, attached party and related drugs and so on a XiangMing, rigorous style, using words, is China's history of materia medica the greatest works in the history of China, is also extremely magnificent achievement. LiShiZhen long-term himself up the mountain, far PiRang, poor herbalism as the primary gathering information times, the local custom convey to the great river north and south, drugs and clean up the on-the-spot check research and practical and realistic attitude force monarch Confucian moved the fallacy, scorned FangShiZhi heresies, corrected the ancient a lot of drug varieties and materia medica effects of mistakes, just make the compendium of materia medica, "a book to all previous generations of materia medica far from reaching the level, this book in the early sixteenth century, once DuoCi signet and spread and been translated into DuoZhong words, not only to the world medical make a great contribution, is also an important book of dynamic plant minerals. The qing dynasty emperor qianlong, into the ZhaoXueMin materia medica, "a book of poems," the compendium of materia medica of some wrong and supplement, increase of 716 kinds. Medicine The han dynasty to qing herbal works, for more than species, strengths, but can be called the summary, only the above a few books. The rest of the such as local south yunnan province of materia medica (Ming LanMao), remember, only the foreign drug sea medicine "(don lee materia medica died). Records of the herbal supplements food therapy "(tang. MengXi), recorded JiuHuang plants of the JiuHuang materia medica" (Ming zhu, 橚), focusing on the drug identification righteousness "(song materia medica yan, KouZong yellow), focusing on the drug gun foreman gun foreman theory of the southern and northern dynasties (liu song ray Xiao) and easy to read, looks over access to or learn the disease of small and medium-sized DuoZhong reference materia medica. Dao guang period, qing dynasty WuJiJun two monograph of plant works: "plant ShiTu name on" and "the plants ShiTu feat made up of release of", the former record of 1714 plants, which describes the plant 838 kinds. For each plant the form of color sexual flavour, the use, and a detailed account of origin, with precise illustrations, especially focuses on the medical value of the plant with foreign body of research, though not so drug book, also has important reference value. In addition, the ancient Chinese people's on drug knowledge receive medical and pharmacology planted in many of the works. For example the eastern han dynasty ZhangZhongJing his treatise on febrile disease and synopsis of golden chamber, the eastern ge hong was ", tang reserve nasty party, the JinBei dry sun simiao nasty party "and" the thousand JinYiFang ", song chung division articles and other compiled the peaceful huimin and Jackie JuFang ", Ming, zhu 橚 etc, "and so on, the lifeline party to enumerate.

 These books pheur carried drugs and prescriptions, many still is widely used, has the very good curative effect. A lot of the curative effect of Chinese herbal medicine not only stand the long-term medical the test of practice, and has also been modern science institute confirmed. Some Chinese herbal medicine of the effective components and molecular structure and so on also have all or part of the research clearly. For example ephedra effective ingredients of smoothing asthma methamphetamine, supplying multinational oems' divisions engineer of the effective components for supplying multinational oems' divisions alkali, fumaric pain the main components of the four hydrogen palm leaves acutum bases (rhizoma coptis meal), rhizoma coptidis and cortex phellodendri check the main components of the hybrid shigella small bases (HuangLianSu), radix scutellariae antibacterial the main components of the radix scutellariae element, rhubarb, pouring down effective ingredients of the senna glucoside and so on. In order to guarantee the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, China working people in the long-term practice for drug cultivation, and harvest, processing, processing, storage, and keeping all accumulated abundant experience. A great deal of truth, China ancient times the labor that people through the long-term practice of the accumulated medical heritage is extremely rich, the very valuable. We should appreciate the motherland medicine's greatest treasures, and try to dig, try to improve.

The development of medicine knowledge abroad meditation to Egypt and India as the first. Around the year 1500 B.C. Egypt's "papytus" (paper) and after the Indian herbs "Ajurveda" (ayurveda) are the records of existing drugs. The Greek, Roman, and Arab in the development of medicine also has a long history, such as Greek doctors Dioscorides Materia Medica of "" (Materia Medica), Roman Galen (A.D. 131 200) Materia Medica the" (Materia Medica), the Arab doctor Avicenna (in 980) the Canon Mediclnae "(medical code) is dedicated to the ancient medicine, pharmaceutical works of great influence.

The development of modern Chinese medicine scientific and general situation

The republic of China (1912 1949)

The establishment of the republic of China, the end of the two thousand DuoNian feudal monarchy, but China is still not a semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature of social change. Combined with years of war, national social unrest, economic recession, in China's science and technology development slow and don't balance, well behind the Europe and America, Japan lost 16 centuries ago, China is the world in science and technology leading status. In the western science and technology culture an influx of cases, appeared the coexistence of traditional situation. Accordingly, the medical society and to the traditional Chinese medicine is beginning to "Chinese medicine", Chinese traditional medicine, "said, for modern western medicine also so gradually called" western medicine ", western medicine ".

With the KMT government to repeal the policy of traditional Chinese medicine, the development of traditional Chinese medicine hindered, causing the medical profession in the common struggle. In the academic medical workers strenuous enterprising, despite the difficulties, BenCaoXue or Chinese medicine is still.

According to not complete count, the period of the republic of existing of traditional Chinese medicine DuoZhong include 260, mostly with its novel style, various types, pay attention to practical. Due to their scope of this article, style, such as language and traditional herbal different, or to popular reason, is general not to name materia medica. In traditional Chinese medicine works and more comprehensive notes, most content tends to clinical practice. The first with JiangYuBai "Chinese materia medica integration" more representative. The book is in general, the theory of two parts. The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine summarizes the related knowledge; According to the theory, describes the effect classification respectively, more than 400 kinds of drug alias, smell, shape, function, method, toxic non-toxic, dosage, taboo, prescription, etc. The style and content and the former basic similar, but the more concise and practical. If QinBo not the pharmacology of spread, divided into speak, diuresis, regulating qi, blood, warm, cold Daniel LiangYao etc 12 groups were introduced, such as ZhangShanLei the compendium of materia medica, belong to the traditional medicine of justice of properties. The book by personal experience of traditional Chinese medicine medicine discussed the utility, function and to identify, processing, decocting method, has a better effect.

Belong to the traditional place also have DuoZhong materia medica, shaw step Dan "lingnan herbalism as the primary gathering record", GaoZongYue "taishan" features a drug volunteers, also abounded the drug varieties. Herbal supplements have great progress, and most of the rich content and practical. If QinBo not the dietary guidelines) and traditional, briefly for characteristics; a, the food ShenZhongGui yang2 zhi4 cure disease common sense ", lu view the edible BenCaoXue ", leopard is much experience. For other aspects, such as the CaoBingZhang according to late qing dynasty ZhengXiaoYan by the article fake medicine "backordered and cause a revised the article fake medicine", in distinguishing 110 kinds of medicine, place of origin, form, smell, the attending to compare for identification paper or drug quality authenticity provide the precious experience. YangHuaTing the drug test of materia medica, quoting figure literature, drug varieties as the scientific research, and with map, have a great reference value. Processing, such as the pharmaceutical industry YangShuCheng China pharmaceutical study ", "the ZhouFuSheng revised guidelines, the content is more practical. At the time, in addition to the traditional Chinese medicine works representation on the traditional, and produced magnificent opus. Huitong sent medical experts, use natural science and western medicine, added some of the results of the traditional Chinese medicine source, expression and its pharmacological effect components, such as Chinese and western pharmacology, or to each other; meanwhile, the gain and loss of depth interpretation. In all kinds of works of uneven, with guo han medicine at new feeling", WenJingXiu the latest experiment materia medica "and nguyen its hydrocarbon, WangYiRen, DongKeRen" BenCaoJing new note) more representative.

In view of this period in number, and knowledge, Chinese traditional medicine, traditional Chinese medicine study of wide spread and have the inconvenience, not only will it read, song of traditional Chinese medicine to Europe, and many new books has Chinese traditional medicine dictionaries. One of the great influence is 1935 years ChenCunRen compiled the dictionary of Chinese medicine. Encyclopedia 2.7 million words, the medicine orders, each medicine article 4300 are introduced, ancient books alias, named after the basic, origin, form, nature, composition, performance, the attending, describes the textual research, BianWei, easygoing theory, cooperate to apply, dosage, application of appropriate avoid, such as a reference 21. Material is rich, comprehensive, and discusses the collection, and drawings are required. It's traditional Chinese medicine in the history of the first large dictionary. In addition to the outside, reflected in the progress of Chinese materia medica or academic, deserves special mention is the effect and the attending already clear: respectively, efficacy expression from accurately, increased the traditional Chinese medicine, and gradually with families dose, genera and species of traditional Chinese medicine, said source.

This period of pharmacognostic medical botany, has become a traditional Chinese medicine research of the natural plant source (classification), characters and identify the emerging disciplines, and made outstanding achievements. If the new China Yu yellow zhao materia medica, the QiZhou illustrated journal of medicine ", "the modern volunteers materia medica" and "China PeiJian pharmacognosy medicinal plants of volunteers, etc., are very typical. At the same time, also from the chemical composition, pharmacology of Chinese medicine on some usual many research work. Among them with ChenKeHui ephedra composition, pharmacology of research is the most thorough, and caused the attention of both at home and abroad. Other scholars for the yankees gold flower, fumaric, rhizoma coptidis, supplying multinational oems' divisions, betel, crow courage, motherwort, monkshood, river xiong, angelica, more than kinds of Chinese traditional medicine makes the component, pharmacological or clinical research, develop the modern research of traditional Chinese medicine way.

During the period of the republic of traditional Chinese medicine, there are many community colleges, though an private, but in spread academic, exchange of experience, training talents has played an important role.

Since 1927, in the leadership of the communist party of China region, attaches great importance to the development and popularization of TCM course in developing drugs, prevention and cure of diseases, adopt a large number of Chinese medicine, made a lot of experience and success. It is the founding of the People's Republic of TCM course after laid a foundation.

Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949)

1949 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, because the Chinese communist party and the Chinese people's government to cause the attention of the traditional Chinese medicine, and establish the unity and inheritance of Chinese and western medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as the core of the traditional Chinese medicine policy, and adopted a series of effective measures the development of Chinese medicine career. With modern natural science and the Chinese economy, culture, education cause of the rapid development of Chinese medicine, and therefore obtains great progress.

Since 1954, the state shall systematically arrangement, published a batch of important ancient books, the idea has the materia medica this the ", "the new practice of materia medica", "card kind of materia medica", "its" dozens of. Since the s in the series and WuPu materia medica ", "don't record", "the new practice of materia medica", "poems of materia medica wait for more than 10 kinds of research and conserving ancient literature materia medica is significant in the.

Along with the development of traditional Chinese medicine and academic career, new Chinese medicine works in a rash, range, a complete range. One group of Chinese traditional medicine works reflect the contemporary level: (1) the Chinese academy of medical sciences such as institute of medicine of the Chinese medicine record of writing, the original book of four books, the revised six books, including the one, two copies for roots and the root-stock posted 206; drug, Three books for the seeds of fruit, 138; drug posted Four copies of grass for the whole of 135, drug posted; Five copies for leaf, flower, skin, TengMu, resin, algae bacteria, and other types of drugs, 148 species of flora; Six copies for animal, mineral kind, stay out. Each book drugs are provided, the graph, the ink and color picture photo. Each drug introduces the history, the original plant (dynamic) condition, medicinal herbs and things, production, marketing, chemical composition, medicinal herbs differentiate, sexual flavour and efficacy, pharmacological action and clinical application, notes, etc. ②The early 70 s by the national assembly) written Chinese herbal medicine et al < the national assembly) of Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese herbal medicine 2288 monographs with ink painting. More than 2100 chart every medicine introduces the source, morphological characteristics, habitat distribution, cultivation and keeping points, collection processing, processing, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, sexual flavour function, the attending usage, prescription, etc, the content is more extensive. Overall, briefly to reflect the when the Chinese herbal medicine resources and application.

(3) after long-term effort from jiangsu new medical school compiles "dictionary of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine of 5767 species of flora. Each drug points, sexual flavour, drug to the function, the attending, select the party ", clinical reports, his 19 to this record. It contains a Chinese traditional medicine in ancient and modern related content.

(4) the Chinese materia medica compiled by primary colors convulsion from the primary colors, the committee of China, encyclopedia of materia medica manual coloured drawing or pattern, 25 copies of the traditional Chinese medicine 5000 monographs, and a writing illustrated, including the original, plant (animal) form, collection processing, chemical constituents, pharmacological, sexual flavour efficiency, usage, dosage, the attending notes, etc.

(5) by the ministry of public health of pharmaceutical and biological products shall be in yunnan province, such as drug inspection office compilation of the China national medicine of volunteers for the first time in China national drug DuoZhong more than 1200. Each drug points, the source, the national drug national medicinal herbs, inspection, experience and so on a scientific research material, introduces the original, the drug scientific name, medicinal part, form and the appended drawings, history, present situation, the function and composition, pharmacology, clinical application, etc. In addition, the XuGuoJun pharmacognosy ", XieZongWan the Chinese herbal medicine varieties of traditional Chinese medicine, this LiuShouShan the literature of the are from different angles, reflects the traditional Chinese medicine research results at home and abroad, have larger effects.

Since new China was founded, the government has DuoCi organization power resources on a large scale investigation and data collection. Most of these results reflect in the national and local Chinese medicine record or medicinal plants, animals such as volunteers volunteer work. Now Chinese medicine resources have always known 12807 species, including use of medicinal plants, animal 1581 11146 medicinal minerals. In Chinese medicine, based on the resource survey some imported herbs resources development and utilization of domestic also achieved remarkable results, such as Laura fu wood, benzoin, and aloes, and has set up a file in the domestic production. Traditional Chinese medicine resources protection, plant medicine means of introducing, medicinal animals and medicinal animal domestication and the comprehensive utilization of traditional Chinese medicine also quite see results. American ginseng, gastrodia elata, velvet antler, gall bladders and ginseng, hook cane were these aspects such as is the typical example.

The modern research of traditional Chinese medicine has made remarkable progress in most: (1) the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine got system, overall arrangement, the utility, the return of the 18, was a lot of research, the experimental study of 18 have made great achievements. But the research of this aspect is difficult, there are many problems remain to be solved. (2) and pharmacognostic identification science in traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine identification in general sources, characters in identification outside, still widespread use of the microscopic, physical and chemical means. And identification technology has to use a small amount of quality inspection to achieve rapid, accurate direction. (3) through the traditional Chinese medicine technology and principle of modern research, TCM firing got bigger development. Corresponding to this, for many of the traditional Chinese medicine of preparing, improve and standardize, and used the many advanced equipment and technology, improving the quality of prepared. (4) establish the TCM chemistry, the chemical composition of the traditional Chinese medicine through an extensive research. Most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine clear the main effective component part, find the chemical structure. (5) established the Chinese medicine pharmacology. For most commonly used the traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology systematically studied; Antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antipyretic, diuresis, buck and a large drug screening. The past would not be noticed of polysaccharides, tannic acid, amino acids, peptides, and now has found a DuoZhong biological activity. It is suggested in the paper Chinese medicine effect has played an important role. (3) along with the development of traditional Chinese medicine preparation, new dosage form, and the increase of quality inspection and control of the means of production has increased, proprietary Chinese medicine towards modernization.

In order to unify the drug standards formulated, health ministry founded the pharmacopoeia compilation committee as soon as possible, instead of China pharmacopoeia commission after, in 1953, 1963, 1977, 1985, 1990 and 1995, has published six edition pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic. Begin from 1963, "a" pharmacopoeia points, "the two department" writing. "A" for the traditional Chinese medicine part, mainly pheur carried Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese medicine preparation, otherwise FanLi square with the general rule, traditional Chinese medicine preparation appendix verification method, etc. Posted by grabbing of traditional Chinese medicine are adjusted. The 1995 edition of "a" pharmacopoeia receives 920 species, including medicinal materials, plant oil and other 522, Chinese traditional medicine drugs and single herb preparation of 398. The traditional Chinese medicine, according to the varieties and content of different formulations were listed in turn have: everybody else, Chinese pinyin and Latin name, the source, the prescription, wash, character, the identification, the inspection, the extract, the content determination, sexual flavour and return the, function and the attending, usage and dosage, attention, specifications, storage, preparation, etc. The content of the appendix and advanced detection method greatly increased. At the same time, the state has always attached great importance to the construction of political science and law, medicine work has been DuoGe about the measures for the administration of traditional Chinese medicine, and then in 1984 countries through the pharmaceutical administration law of the People's Republic of China. The promulgation of the pharmaceutical administration law of the protection of the people's health, the development of Chinese medicine and health services, improve China's drug in the competitiveness of the international market has important significance.

Traditional Chinese medicine education, scientific research career with unprecedented development. China has more than 20 in traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine pharmacy college with professional, nearly 60, medical school, set up a set of relevant Chinese medicine professional; National level and many provinces and cities established Chinese medicine research institutes. In carrying out scientific research and training (including elixir and talent, bachelor's, master, doctor, engineers, pharmacists, etc.) play face play a large role.

The Chinese medicine in the exchange, increased, nearly 30 years to this exchange is frequent. Traditional Chinese medicine such as Asia international XueShuHui Chinese medicine academic conference, international Chinese herbal medicine are held to DuoCi. Chinese and foreign pharmic research staff exchanged or invited to conduct academic exchanges and too little. China's development of the cause of the traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine also is valued in foreign countries, in addition to Japan, Korea, Malaysia, southeast Asia countries use and study traditional Chinese medicine and the prevention and treatment of disease in some western countries have gradually the traditional Chinese medicine research and prevention and treatment of disease.

All of which, all marked the traditional Chinese medicine in China's unprecedented scientific development, at the same time also shows bright and traditional Chinese medicine career with broad prospects.

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